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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022 Dec 20;243:109741. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109741

Table 1.

Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment of non-randomised studies

Study, Year Country/region Study design Selection Comparability Outcome Total score Result
(Duong et al., 2018) Vietnam Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Han et al., 2020) Thailand Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(He et al., 2018) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Hidaka et al., 2014) Japan Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Ko et al., 2012) Taiwan, China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Lim et al., 2015) Malaysia Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Liu & Detels, 2012) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Mao et al., 2021) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Nemoto et al., 2012) Thailand Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Nishijima et al., 2013) Japan Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Pattanasin et al., 2016) Thailand Cohort study *** ** *** 8 Good
(Piyaraj et al., 2018) Thailand Cohort study *** ** *** 8 Good
(Sapsirisavat et al., 2016) Thailand Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Sze et al., 2020) Hong Kong SAR Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Tan et al., 2021) Singapore Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(N. T. T. Vu et al., 2017) Vietnam Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(N. T. Vu et al., 2017) Vietnam Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Z. Wang et al., 2020) China Cohort study *** ** ** 7 Good
(Wansom et al., 2020) Thailand Cohort study ** ** ** 6 Fair
(Wu, Shen, Chiou, Fang, & Lo, 2019) Taiwan, China Case-control *** ** *** 8 Good
(Xu, Qian, et al., 2014) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Xu, Zhang, et al., 2014) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good
(Yang et al., 2016) China Cross-sectional *** ** ** 7 Good

The selection, comparability, and exposure of each study were broadly assessed. Studies with 3 or 4 stars in selection domain AND 1 or 2 stars in comparability domain AND 2 or 3 stars in outcome/exposure domain were considered of good quality; studies with 2 stars in selection domain AND 1 or 2 stars in comparability domain AND 2 or 3 stars in outcome/exposure domain were considered of fair quality; or were considered as poor quality (Wells et al., 2000).