TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics and radiological features in the training and validation cohorts.
| Variable | Training cohort (n = 88) | Validation cohort (n = 38) | p inter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPC3− (n = 22) | GPC3+ (n = 66) | p intra | GPC3− (n = 9) | GPC3+ (n = 29) | p intra | ||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 62.5 ± 13.92 | 57.44 ± 12.38 | 0.139 | 62.56 ± 6.84 | 58.59 ± 11.11 | 0.210 | 0.705 |
| Gender | 1.000 | 0.237 | 0.038 | ||||
| Female | 3 (13.64) | 11 (16.67) | 1 (11.11) | 0 (0) | |||
| Male | 19 (86.36) | 55 (83.33) | 8 (88.89) | 29 (100) | |||
| Hepatic virus infection | 1.000 | 0.650 | 0.777 | ||||
| Absent | 4 (18.18) | 11 (16.67) | 1 (11.11) | 7 (24.14) | |||
| Present (HBV/HCV) | 18 (81.82) | 55 (83.33) | 8 (88.89) | 22 (75.86) | |||
| Cirrhosis | 0.604 | 1.000 | 0.720 | ||||
| Absent | 9 (40.91) | 21 (31.82) | 2 (22.22) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| Present | 13 (59.09) | 45 (68.18) | 7 (77.78) | 20 (68.97) | |||
| AFP | 0.007 | 1.000 | 0.35 | ||||
| ≤20 ng/mL | 15 (68.18) | 22 (33.33) | 4 (44.44) | 11 (37.93) | |||
| 20–400 ng/mL | 5 (22.73) | 17 (25.76) | 3 (33.33) | 11 (37.93) | |||
| >400 ng/mL | 2 (9.09) | 27 (40.91) | 2 (22.22) | 7 (24.14) | |||
| PLT | 0.380 | 0.396 | 0.728 | ||||
| ≤125 × 109/L | 3 (13.64) | 16 (24.24) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| >125 × 109/L | 19 (86.36) | 50 (75.76) | 8 (88.89) | 20 (68.97) | |||
| PT | 0.589 | 0.115 | 0.376 | ||||
| ≤13 s | 17 (77.27) | 45 (68.18) | 3 (33.33) | 20 (68.97) | |||
| >13 s | 5 (22.73) | 21 (31.82) | 6 (66.67) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| INR | 0.139 | 0.396 | 0.622 | ||||
| ≤1.0 | 7 (31.82) | 11 (16.67) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| >1.0 | 15 (68.18) | 55 (83.33) | 8 (88.89) | 20 (68.97) | |||
| TBIL | 1.000 | 0.456 | 0.326 | ||||
| ≤20.5 μmol/L | 17 (77.27) | 50 (75.76) | 7 (77.78) | 18 (62.07) | |||
| >20.5 μmol/L | 5 (22.73) | 16 (24.24) | 2 (22.22) | 11 (37.93) | |||
| ALB | 0.806 | 0.703 | 0.728 | ||||
| ≤40 g/L | 12 (54.55) | 32 (48.48) | 5 (55.56) | 12 (41.38) | |||
| >40 g/L | 10 (45.45) | 34 (51.52) | 4 (44.44) | 17 (58.62) | |||
| ALT/AST, median (Q1 and Q3) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.22) | 1 (0.75, 1.29) | 0.633 | 1.34 (1.18, 1.4) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.186 | 0.468 |
| Maximum tumor length (cm), median (Q1 and Q3) | 60.08 (43.23, 78.6) | 50 (28.91, 73.9) | 0.381 | 72.47 (58.31, 93.51) | 36.77 (30.59, 51.92) | 0.003 | 0.515 |
| Tumor margins | 0.281 | 0.650 | 0.443 | ||||
| Smooth | 9 (40.91) | 17 (25.76) | 1 (11.11) | 7 (24.14) | |||
| Non-smooth | 13 (59.09) | 49 (74.24) | 8 (88.89) | 22 (75.86) | |||
| Tumor capsule | 0.903 | 0.481 | 0.843 | ||||
| Complete | 5 (22.73) | 19 (28.79) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| Absent | 5 (22.73) | 14 (21.21) | 2 (22.22) | 8 (27.59) | |||
| Incomplete | 12 (54.55) | 33 (50) | 6 (66.67) | 12 (41.38) | |||
| APHE | 0.894 | 1.000 | 0.064 | ||||
| Absent | 6 (27.27) | 21 (31.82) | 1 (11.11) | 4 (13.79) | |||
| Present | 16 (72.73) | 45 (68.18) | 8 (88.89) | 25 (86.21) | |||
| Non-peripheral washout | 0.386 | 0.650 | 0.023 | ||||
| Absent | 12 (54.55) | 27 (40.91) | 1 (11.11) | 7 (24.14) | |||
| Present | 10 (45.45) | 39 (59.09) | 8 (88.89) | 22 (75.86) | |||
| Peritumoral arterial enhancement | 1.000 | 0.148 | 0.658 | ||||
| Absent | 9 (40.91) | 25 (37.88) | 2 (22.22) | 15 (51.72) | |||
| Present | 13 (59.09) | 41 (62.12) | 7 (77.78) | 14 (48.28) | |||
| Tumor hypointensity on HBP | 0.440 | 0.554 | 0.067 | ||||
| Absent | 1 (4.55) | 1 (1.52) | 0 (0) | 4 (13.79) | |||
| Present | 21 (95.45) | 65 (98.48) | 9 (100) | 25 (86.21) | |||
| Peritumoral hypointensity on HBP | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.945 | ||||
| Absent | 15 (68.18) | 43 (65.15) | 6 (66.67) | 20 (68.97) | |||
| Present | 7 (31.82) | 23 (34.85) | 3 (33.33) | 9 (31.03) | |||
| Mosaic architecture | 0.589 | 0.273 | 0.376 | ||||
| Absent | 5 (22.73) | 21 (31.82) | 2 (22.22) | 13 (44.83) | |||
| Present | 17 (77.27) | 45 (68.18) | 7 (77.78) | 16 (55.17) | |||
| Intratumoral fat | 0.766 | 0.075 | 0.470 | ||||
| Absent | 17 (77.27) | 53 (80.3) | 6 (66.67) | 27 (93.1) | |||
| Present | 5 (22.73) | 13 (19.7) | 3 (33.33) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| Intratumoral hemorrhage | 0.173 | 0.699 | 0.560 | ||||
| Absent | 9 (40.91) | 40 (60.61) | 5 (55.56) | 19 (65.52) | |||
| Present | 13 (59.09) | 26 (39.39) | 4 (44.44) | 10 (34.48) | |||
| Intratumoral necrosis | 1.000 | 0.052 | 0.728 | ||||
| Absent | 13 (59.09) | 38 (57.58) | 3 (33.33) | 21 (72.41) | |||
| Present | 9 (40.91) | 28 (42.42) | 6 (66.67) | 8 (27.59) | |||
Unless indicated otherwise, data are number of patients with percentages in parentheses. p intra represents the p value between GPC3+ and GPC3− groups; p inter represents the p value between the training cohort and the validation cohort. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; AFP, serum alpha-fetoprotein; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; TBIL, serum total bilirubin; ALB, serum albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; APHE, arterial phase hyperenhancement; HBP, hepatobiliary phase.