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. 2023 Aug 3;14:1201973. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201973

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Copyright © 2023 de Brito, Holtham, Roser, Saunders, Wezel, Henderson, Mauch, Sanz-Bernardo, Frossard, Bernard, Lean, Nunez, Gubbins, Suárez, Davison, Francis, Huether, Benchaoui, Salt, Fowler, Jarvis and Graham

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of antigen-specific IFN-γ and TNF responses in the lungs of pigs after vaccination with BoHV-4-M-NSP5 and PRRSV-1. PRRSV-1 M/NSP5 specific cytokine responses were assessed following one (prime) or two (prime-boost) immunizations of pigs with BoHV-4-M-NSP5 and PRRSV-1 21301/19 (Study 1). Control pigs were immunized twice with the BoHV-4 vector before the challenge. The responses of previously cryopreserved BALC from 7- and 28-days post-challenge were assessed following peptide stimulation by flow cytometry. Expression of IFN-γ alone (A, D), IFN-γ and TNF (B, E), or TNF alone (C, F), by CD4 T cells (A–C) and CD8 T cells (D–F) are shown as mean unstimulated condition-corrected data ± SD for each vaccine group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005.