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. 2023 Aug 3;11:1115254. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1115254

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Copyright © 2023 Kakaei, Amirian, Azadi, Mohammadi and Izadi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of PFCs nanoparticles with an anti-coagulation cover (PPACK (Phe [D]-Pro-Arg-Chloromethylketone) that is related to the surface of PFC-core nanoparticle with a covalent bond (Myerson et al., 2010; Myerson et al., 2011). This arrangement acted as an adequate anticoagulant and prevented thrombosis locally in the damaged vessels as a thrombin leech to inhibit thrombosis and thrombin-activated inflammatory signaling.