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Case 1. Intraoperative findings. After (A) median incision and (B) right lateral split, the giant retroperitoneal tumor spontaneously bulges out of the abdominal cavity. (C) Detail of the right kidney's vein and artery during vascular control, prior to the organ's removal (en bloc with the tumor): The organ is completely enveloped by the tumor. 1, renal vein (ligated); 2, renal artery (ligated); 3, tumor; and 4, vena cava.
