Table 2.
Association of added sugars energy percentage with kidney stones.
| Exposure | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c |
|---|---|---|---|
| %kcal added sugars (continuous) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) |
| Quartile of %kcal added sugars | |||
| Q1 (0.00–5.00) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Q2 (6.00–10.00) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.21) |
| Q3 (11.00–17.00) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) |
| Q4 (18.00–97.00) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.44) | 1.430 (1.23, 1.67) | 1.39 (1.17, 1.65) |
| p-value for trend | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Percentage of energy from added sugars | |||
| <5 | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| 5–10 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) |
| 10–25 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.36) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.44) |
| >25 | 1.60 (1.33, 1.93) | 1.93 (1.59, 2.35) | 1.88 (1.52, 2.32) |
| p-value for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
a
Non-adjusted model: adjusted for none.
b
Minimally adjusted model: adjusted for gender, age, race.
c
Fully adjusted model: adjusted for gender, age, race, PIR, BMI, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol, energy, HEI-2015, physical activity, gout, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, CVD, cancer, and year cycle.