TABLE 1.

Comparison of physical, chemical, and biological modifications of BC.

Modification method	Advantage	Disadvantage	References
Physical modification	Synthesis means are simple and gentle (adsorption, ultrasonication, and coating)	Chemical structure of BC is maintained; applications of BC are decided by added materials	Qian et al. (2023)
Chemical modification	Easily introduced functional groups into the BC structure by esterification, etherification, grafting, or oxidation	Complex operation process; expensive approach; tedious and delicate reaction procedures	Gao et al. (2019)
			Singhsa et al. (2018)
Biological modification	Easy processing	Suspended particles with quick penetration lead to difficult composite synthesis	Andriani et al. (2020)
	Multiple synthesis methods	Limited applications of BC via the agitation culture method	Shavyrkina et al. (2021)
		Basic structure of BC is disturbed	Luo et al. (2020)