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. 2023 Aug 18;21:212. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01219-9

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Beneficial and detrimental effects of SCFAs on pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) promote the phagocytosis of Klebsiella. pneumoniae by pulmonary macrophages to clear lung bacteria. SCFAs can also inhibit lung immune cell function and promote inflammation. Other abbreviations are: GPCR: G protein-coupled receptors; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; p-ERK: phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-alpha; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase