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. 2023 Aug 18;21:212. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01219-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alleviate hypertension, neurologic disorders, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) by modulating immunity. SCFAs alleviates hypertension by reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) entry into the blood and inhibiting cardiac Treg cells. SCFAs can also alleviate neurological diseases by reducing axonal damage via the inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK-1)/p-38 pathway. In addition, SCFAs alleviate renal fibrosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK-1/p-38 pathway. Other abbreviations are: GPCR: G protein-coupled receptors; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; and MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1