Table 2.

Intestinal microbiota imbalance in various diseases

Disease	Microorganism (elevated)	Microorganism (reduced)	References
IBD	Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Proteus genera	Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Clostridium leptum, and Akkermansia muciniphila, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Thermotogae, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, and Rhominis	[21, 103–105]
CRC	Bacteroides sp., C. cocleatum, Collinsella spp, S. xylosus, P. excrementihominis, Muribaculum spp, A. equolifaciens, P. goldsteinii, F. aecalibaculum spp, B. faecis, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis	Akkermansia muciniphila, B. pseudolongum, L. johnsonii, Olsenella spp, Prevotellasp, Colidextribacter spp, Bacillus spp, B. acidifaciens, L. reuteri, and E. faecalis	[106, 107]
Obesity	Firmicutes	Bacteroides, and Bifidobacteria	[108–111]
T2D	Proteobacteria, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Acinetobacter baumanii	Bacteroides	[112–114]
NAFLD	Anaerococcus, Ruminococcus, Peptoniphilus, Dorea, Bradyrhizobium, Propionibacterium acnes, Bateroides, Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio, Anaerotruncus, and Desulfovibrionaceae	Bacteroides, Lactobacillus curvatus, L. plantarum, Bifidobacterium spp., Rikenellaceae, Oscillospira, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium	[115–118]
Pneumonia and respiratory diseases	Coprobacillus, Clostridium ramosum, and C. hathewayi	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides dorei, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. massiliensis, and B. ovatus	[119, 120]
CKD	Firmicutes, Proteobacteria phyla, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus, Romboutsia, and Actinobacteria	Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Clostridium, Coprococcu, and Lactobacilli	[12, 106, 121, 122]
Hypertension	Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, Actinobacteria, and Phascolarcto bacterium	Proteobacteria, Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium spp., Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Lachnospira, Prevotella, and Alistipes	[13, 29, 123–125]
Neurologic disorders	Streptococcus vestibularis, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides plebeius, Veillonellaparvula, Clostridium symbiosum, Eubacterium siraeum, Cronobacter sakazakii/turicensis, S. vestibularis, Alkaliphilus oremlandii, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium longum, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides, Coprococcussp., Anaerococcus, and Lactobacillus fermentum	Proteobacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Haemophilus spp., Sutterella spp., Clostridium spp., Gemmiger, Roseburia, Lachnospira, and Anaerostipes	[126–128]