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. 2023 Aug 4;14:1217181. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217181

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Copyright © 2023 Chang, Choi, Rathnasinghe, Warang, Noureddine, Jangra, Chen, De Geest and Schotsaert

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Vaccine-mismatched challenge results in differential lung myeloid cell dynamics depending on prior antigenic exposure. (A) Outline of study assessing impact of vaccine-mismatched challenge following TIV+Alum vaccination with or without vaccine-matched NC99-challenge on lung myeloid populations. Absolute numbers of (B) eosinophils, (C) alveolar macrophages, (D) dendritic cells, and (E) CD11b⁺ macrophages. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in (B–E). Statistical significance in (B–E) was determined via Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: **P = 0.001 to 0.01, *P = 0.01 to 0.05.