TABLE 3.
Method | Source | CNS location | # of samples | Cellular characteristics of perivascular cells in AVM | Molecular characteristics of perivascular cells in AVM | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surgical resection of AVM | Human Patients | Brain (Temporal Lobe) | 20 AVM Samples | Reduced pericyte number. Decreased pericyte coverage | /// | Winkler et al. (2018) |
Brain | 8 AVM Samples | /// | Increased Notch4 expression in SMCs | ZhuGe et al. (2013) | ||
Brain | 43 AVM Samples | Increased SMC Proliferation | Increased αSMA expression. SNAI1/2/protein expression in SMCs. Altered cytokine expression. Increased PAI-1 protein expression | Shoemaker et al. (2020) | ||
Extracranial and Brain | 9 AVM Samples | Abnormal αSMA coverage on arteries | /// | Davis et al. (2018) | ||
Brain | 5 AVM Samples | Altered vSMC differentiation | Reduced expression of smoothelin | Uranishi et al. (2001) | ||
Brain | 15 AVM Samples | Decreased number of pericytes | /// | Tu et al. (2006) | ||
Brain, human vSMCs | 5 AVM Samples (scRNAseq) | /// | Increased HIGD1B expresison in PCs. Increased expression of metallothioneins in SMCs | Winkler et al. (2022) | ||
Perivascular fibroblasts and fibromyocytes present | ||||||
Brain | 51 AVM Samples | /// | Increased expresison of FZD10 and MYOC in SMCs from LFR bAVMs | Huo et al. (2019) | ||
Brain | 8 AVM Samples | /// | Increased Notch3 expression in bAVM SMCs | Hill-Felberg et al. (2015) | ||
Cell Culture | k-RasV12 ECs, Human brain vascular pericytes | /// | /// | Abnormal pericyte recruitment. Decreased number of pericytes. Decrease in periocyte elongation. Perturbed pericyte-EC communication | /// | Sun et al. (2022) |
///, not reported or does not apply; LFR, low flow rate.