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. 2023 Aug 4;14:1210563. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210563

TABLE 3.

Changes to mural cells in human CNS AVMs.

Method Source CNS location # of samples Cellular characteristics of perivascular cells in AVM Molecular characteristics of perivascular cells in AVM References
Surgical resection of AVM Human Patients Brain (Temporal Lobe) 20 AVM Samples Reduced pericyte number. Decreased pericyte coverage /// Winkler et al. (2018)
Brain 8 AVM Samples /// Increased Notch4 expression in SMCs ZhuGe et al. (2013)
Brain 43 AVM Samples Increased SMC Proliferation Increased αSMA expression. SNAI1/2/protein expression in SMCs. Altered cytokine expression. Increased PAI-1 protein expression Shoemaker et al. (2020)
Extracranial and Brain 9 AVM Samples Abnormal αSMA coverage on arteries /// Davis et al. (2018)
Brain 5 AVM Samples Altered vSMC differentiation Reduced expression of smoothelin Uranishi et al. (2001)
Brain 15 AVM Samples Decreased number of pericytes /// Tu et al. (2006)
Brain, human vSMCs 5 AVM Samples (scRNAseq) /// Increased HIGD1B expresison in PCs. Increased expression of metallothioneins in SMCs Winkler et al. (2022)
Perivascular fibroblasts and fibromyocytes present
Brain 51 AVM Samples /// Increased expresison of FZD10 and MYOC in SMCs from LFR bAVMs Huo et al. (2019)
Brain 8 AVM Samples /// Increased Notch3 expression in bAVM SMCs Hill-Felberg et al. (2015)
Cell Culture k-RasV12 ECs, Human brain vascular pericytes /// /// Abnormal pericyte recruitment. Decreased number of pericytes. Decrease in periocyte elongation. Perturbed pericyte-EC communication /// Sun et al. (2022)

///, not reported or does not apply; LFR, low flow rate.

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