Figure 2.

Comparative account of loading strategies of nanoparticles to boost the immune response.

Different modes of loading of the nanomaterials to enhance immune responses. It was previously reported that encapsulation of antigens tends to provide better protection [89], better MHC I activation [92], and better nuclear delivery [100] than surface immobilization. Covalently attached antigens can generate stronger immune responses than non-covalently tethered antigens [79]. Liposomes can elicit stronger antibody responses than other nanoparticle systems [57,93., 94., 95., 96., 97., 98., 99.]. Abbreviations: APC, antigen-presenting cell; OVA, ovalbumin; PLGA, polylactide-co-glycolic acid.