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. 2023 Aug 18;14:5029. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40271-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a UMAP projection of 13950 malignant spots aggregated from all 12 spatially-profiled samples, partitioned by Louvain clusters with an accompanying phylogenetic tree demonstrating cluster transcriptomic similarity. b UMAP projection of 13950 malignant spots aggregated from all 12 spatially-profiled samples partitioned by three major nodal clusters, with an accompanying heatmap visualizing the log₂(FC) of the top 5 DEGs for each cluster. c Nebulosa kernel density plot visualizing gene expression of literature-validated OSCC tumor core and leading edge markers. d TC transitory, and LE annotations for samples 1, 2, and 9. e Whole transcriptome Pearson correlation heatmap of TC and LE annotations across all spatially-profiled samples. Samples are ordered based on transcriptomic similarity. f Ingenuity Pathway Analysis heatmap visualizing predicted activation and deactivation of TC and LE pathways. Pathways are displayed if they are activated or deactivated across 10 or more samples and ordered based on similarity of z-score for each pathway across samples. g Consensus plot displaying the cumulative average logFC for the top 25 genes significantly differentially expressed between the TC and LE across more than 9 samples (adj. p < 0.001, two-sided Wilcox rank sum test, Bonferroni correction). Source data are provided as a Source Data file where relevant. UMAP uniform manifold approximation projection, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma.