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. 2023 Aug 18;13:13453. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40603-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of different stone types across age groups and stone locations. (A) The distribution of different stone types across age groups. Kruskal–Wallis tests (H = 78.388, p < 0.001) revealed significant differences between different age groups and stone types. (B) Significant differences in the distribution of different stone types among different anatomical sites (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.001; Cramer's V = 0.108, p < 0.001). (C) The normalized Adj.R values were represented on a heat map, where a higher convergence to red indicates a stronger association. The red color indicates that ST is more likely to be found in the kidney, CaOx in the ureter, UA in the bladder, and rare stones in the urethra, relative to other stone types.