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. 2023 Aug 18;13:13478. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39717-y

Table 4.

Adjusted Hazard ratio after 1st episode of pneumothorax according to treatment groups and gender. Gray’s test was used for calculating subdistribution hazards.

Variables Treatment Gender
Group I (conservative) Group II (surgery) Male Female
HR (95% CI) p-value HR (95% CI) p-value HR (95% CI) p-value HR (95% CI) p-value
Age
 < 14 1.07 (0.99–1.16) 0.073 5.74 (5.12–6.42) < 0.001 1.63 (1.52–1.74) < 0.001 0.97 (0.81–1.15) < 0.001
 ≥ 14, < 20 2.53 (2.46–2.61) < 0.001 2.85 (2.72–2.99) < 0.001 2.68 (2.62–2.75) < 0.001 2.02 (1.87–2.18) < 0.001
 ≥ 20 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Gender
 Male Ref Ref
 Female 0.59 (0.56–0.62) < 0.001 0.74 (0.69–0.80) < 0.001
Treatment
 Group I (conservative) Ref Ref
 Group II (surgery) 1.16 (1.13–1.18) < 0.001 1.57 (1.44–1.71) < 0.001

HR Hazard ratio, CI confidential interval.