Table 2.
Changes of HH signaling pathway in cancer
| Cancer | Mechanism | HH signaling pathway-related molecules | Biological behavior influenced by HH signaling pathway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Craniofacial Complex | |||
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma198,199 | ligand-dependent | Ptch1 (+), Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+) | Initiation (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+) |
| Odontogenic karatocytes211 | ligand-independent | Ptch1 (+), Smo (+) | Progression (+) |
| Brain | |||
| Medulloblastoma226,230,232 | ligand-independent | Ptch1 (+), Shh (-) | Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+) |
| Glioma237,510 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Gli2 (-) | Progression (+), Metastasis (+) |
| Renal | |||
| Renal cell carcinoma249,254,255,511 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+), Gli2 (+) | Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+) |
| Prostate | |||
| Prostate cancer259,263,512 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Smo (+) | Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+) |
| Liver | |||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma266,267,271,274 | ligand-dependent | Ptch1 (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+) | Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+) |
| Cholangiocarcinoma276,282,513 | ligand-dependent | Gli1 (+), Gli2 (+) | Stemness (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Drug resistance (+) |
| Colon | |||
| Colorectal cancer284,287 | ligand-dependent | Ihh (-), Shh (+), | Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+) |
| Pancreas | |||
| Pancreatic cancer289–291,294 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Smo (+), Gli1 (+) | Initiation (+), Progression (+), Metastasis (+) |
| Lung | |||
| Lung cancer299,304,305,514 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Gli (+) | Progression (+), Stemness (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+) |
| Blood | |||
| Hematological malignancy308,311,515 | ligand-dependent | Smo (+), Dhh (+), Gli1 (+) | Radiation resistance (+), Stemness (+) |
| Thyroid | |||
| Thyroid cancers320,324,516 | ligand-dependent | Shh (+), Ptch (+), Smo (+), Gli (+) | Stemness (+), Progression (+), Resistance (+) |
| Skin | |||
| Basel cell carcinoma327,329,335 | ligand-independent | Shh (+), Ptch1 (+), Gli1 (+) | Progression (+), Resistance (+) |
| Breast | |||
| Triple negative breast cancer341,342,345,346 | ligand-dependent | Smo (+), Gli1 (+), Shh (+) | Progression (+), Metastasis (+), Resistance (+), Stemness (+) |
| Muscle | |||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma351,357 | ligand-dependent | Gli1(+), Ptch1 (+) | Progression (+), Stemness (+), Drug resistance (+) |
| Stomach | |||
| Gastric cancer364–367 | ligand-independent | Shh (+), Gli1(+) | Initiation (+), Progression (+), Drug resistance (+), Stemness (+) |