Table 4.
Natural compounds and ncRNAs targeting HH signaling in cancers
| Name | Features | HH signaling target | Cancer | Model | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Novel natural compounds | |||||
| Berberine517 | GI disease treatment | Gli1, Ptch1 | Primary intracranial MB | In vitro and vivo | Tumor growth reduction (37.5%) |
| Cynanbungeigenin C/Cynanbungeigenin D518 | Health care drugs | Gli | MB | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cell viability and proliferation |
| Thymoquinone519 | Anti-oxidant, anti-tumor | Shh, Gli1 | PCa | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cell viability and proliferation |
| Resveratrol520,521 | Anti-aging, anti-tumor | Gli1 | GC | In vitro | Cancer cell invasion and metastasis inhibition |
| Ptch, Smo | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cell viability and increase in apoptosis rate | ||
| Curcumin522–525 | Food additives | Gli1 | Malignant glioma | In vitro and vivo | Tumor growth reduction (71.4%) |
| Shh, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 | Lung cancer | In vitro | Inhibition of cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis rate | ||
| Shh, Smo, Gli | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cell EMT, proliferation and migration | ||
| Shh, Gli1, Ptch1 | MB | In vitro | Inhibition of cell viability and increase in apoptosis | ||
| EGCG401,526–528 | Anti-oxidant, anti-tumor | Gli1, Smo | Tongue and liver cancer | In vivo | Limiting histological carcinogenesis |
| Ptch1, Smo, Gli1 | Liver cancer | In vivo | Limiting histological carcinogenesis | ||
| Smo, Ptch1, Ptch2, Gli | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis | ||
| Gli1, Ptch | Chondrosarcoma | In vitro | Inhibition of cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis | ||
| Ellagic acid529 | Anti-tumor | Gli1, Gli2 | PC | In vivo | Tumor growth and metastasis reduction (41.2%) |
| Saikosaponin B1/Saikosaponin D530 | Anti-tumor | Smo | MB | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth |
| Genistein531,532 | Estrogen-like activity | Smo, Gli1 | BC | In vivo | Tumor growth reduction (68%) |
| Gli1 | PCa | In vivo | Tumor growth reduction (58.3%) | ||
| Glabrescione B533 | Gli1, Ptch1 | MB | In vivo | Tumor growth reduction (63.6%) | |
| Gli1, Ptch1 | BCC | In vitro | Tumor growth reduction (71.4%) | ||
| Silibinin534 | Hepatoprotective drugs | Gli1, Gli2 | RCC | In vivo | Tumor growth reduction (64.9%) |
| Inoscavin A535 | Smo | CC | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth | |
| Acoschimperoside P, 2’-acetate536 | Gli1, Ptch1 | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Apigenin537 | Anti-cancer, anti-viral | Gli1 | PCa | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration |
| Baicalein537 | Treatment of paralysis after cerebrovascular disease | Gli1 | PCa | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration |
| Betulinic acid538 | Anti-cancer | Gli1, Ptch1 | PC and PCa | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation |
| Deguelin539 | Insect poisoning, anti-cancer | Gli1, Ptch1, Sufu | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cell migration and increased apoptosis |
| Germacranolide540 | Gli1 | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation | |
| Physalin F & B541 | Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory | Gli1, Gli2, Ptch1 | PC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation |
| Sutherlandioside D542 | Anti-cancer | Gli1, Ptch1 | PCa | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation |
| Sulforaphene543 | Anti-cancer | Gli1 | BC | In vitro | Cell invasion and metastasis inhibition |
| Sulforaphane544 | Anti-oxidant, anti-tumor | Smo, Gli1, Gli2 | PC | In vivo | Tumor weight reduction (45.0%) |
| Vitamin D3252,506 | Promote calcium and phosphorus absorption | Gli2 | RCC | In vivo | Tumor growth reduction (81.4%) |
| Gli1 | BCC | In vitro and vivo | Tumor growth reduction | ||
| NcRNA | |||||
| LncRNA GAS5545 | Sufu | TNBC | In vivo | Increased apoptosis in cancer cells | |
| LncRNA EGOT546 | Gli1, Smo, Ptch1, Hhip | BC | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cell viability and migration capacity | |
| LncRNA LIFR-AS1547 | Sufu | BC | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-7-5p548,549 | Smo | GC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Gli3 | Bladder cancer | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | ||
| miR-125b550 | Smo | MB | In vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-141-3p551 | Gli2 | Osteosarcoma | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cancer cells | |
| miR-182-5p304 | Gli1, Gli2 | Lung cancer | In vitro | Cell proliferation inhibition and increased sensitivity to cisplatin | |
| miR-202552 | Gli2 | Osteosarcoma | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cancer cells | |
| miR-218553,554 | Gli3 | Cervical cancer | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Gli1 | PCa | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT | ||
| miR-205HG555 | Ptch1 | EC | In vitro and vivo | Tumor volume reduction (39.4%) | |
| miR-367-3p556 | Gli1, Gli2 | PCa | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-361-3p557 | Gli1, Gli3 | Retinoblastoma | In vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-324-3p558 | Gli3 | NC | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation | |
| miR-324-5p550,559,560 | Smo, Gli1 | MB | In vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Gli1 | Glioma | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell survival | ||
| Smo, Gli1 | MM | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cancer cells | ||
| miR-326308,550,561,562 | Smo | MB | In vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Smo | Glioblastoma | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer stem cell self-renewal and stemness | ||
| Smo | Osteosarcoma | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | ||
| Smo | CML | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cancer cells | ||
| miR-338-3p563,564 | Smo | CRC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| Smo | Glioma | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | ||
| miR-431565 | Gli | Papillary thyroid carcinoma | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-506566 | Gli3 | Cervical cancer | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in cancer cells | |
| miR-584567 | Gli1 | Cervical cancer | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-873568 | Gli1 | Cervical cancer | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT | |
| miR-873-5p569 | Gli1 | GC | In vitro | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
| miR-1271570 | Smo | MM | In vitro and vivo | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration | |
BCC Basal cell carcinoma, PCa prostate cancer, MB medulloblastoma, CRC colorectal cancer, TNBC triple negative breast cancer, PC pancreatic cancer, MM multiple myeloma, CML chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, EC esophageal cancer, BC breast cancer, CC colon cancer, GC gastric cancer, RCC renal cell carcinoma, NC nasopharyngeal carcinoma