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. 2023 Mar 10;57(13):842–848. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106383

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Changes in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) during a phase (baseline to 5 weeks, 5 weeks to 10 weeks, and 10 weeks to 16 weeks) per unit increase in (A) exercise dose, (B) level of temporal summation of pain, (C) level of CPM tolerance threshold and (D) level of CPM detection threshold for the respective phase. The curve is a smooth curve fitted to the predicted values obtained from the linear mixed model and fitted using a kernel density estimator. The shaded portion represents a smoothing of the 95% confidence limits of individual prediction intervals. CPM, conditioned pain modulation.