REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Antibodies
Ms CD45 APC-Cy7 30-F11	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 557659; RRID:AB_396774
Ms CD3e PerCP-Cy5.5 145-2C11	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 551163; RRID: AB_394082
Ms CD4 FITC RM4-5	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 553046; RRID: AB_394582
Ms CD8a PE 53-6.7	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 553032; RRID: AB_394570
Ms Ly-6C BV605 AL-21	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 563011; RRID: AB_2737949
ANTI-MO CD11B M1/70 EF450	Thermo	Cat# 48-0112-82; RRID: AB_1582236
Ms Ly-6G/Ly-6C APC RB6-8C5	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 553129; RRID: AB_398532
Ms F4/80 APC-R700 T45-2342	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 565787; RRID: AB_2869711
Brilliant Violet 785 anti-mouse Ly-6G	BioLegend	Cat# 127645; RRID: AB_2566317
Fixable Viability Stain 510	BD Pharmingen	Cat# 564406; RRID: AB_2869572
CD68 (E3O7V) Rabbit mAb	Cell Signaling Technology	Cat# 97778; RRID: AB_2928056
Anti-IL-1 beta antibody	Abcam	Cat# ab9722; RRID:AB_308765
Anti-S100A8 + S100A9 antibody	Abcam	Cat# ab17050; RRID: AB_443607
Bacterial and virus strains
Blautia wexlerae	ATCC	14507
Blautia luti	DSM	14534
Biological samples
Human stool specimens	Renji Hospital affiliated to the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University	2021-skt-004
Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins
DSS	MP	216011090
Vancomycin	Meilunbio	MB1260
Ampicillin	Meilunbio	MB1507
Neomycin	Meilunbio	MB1716
Metronidazole	Meilunbio	MB2200
Critical commercial assays
Mouse CD45 Positive Selection Kit	StemCell	#18945
Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) activity detection Kit	Solarbio	BC1095
QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit	QIAGEN	56404
QIAamp PowerFecal Pro DNA Kit	QIAGEN	51804
Four-color multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemical staining kit	Absin	abs50028
Deposited data
16S rDNA sequencing data	This paper	China National Center for Bioinformation/Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Accession Number: PRJCA015633)
scRNA-seq data	This paper	Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754718, https://zenodo.org/record/7754718#.ZBlHz1lBz9s; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754741, https://zenodo.org/record/7754741#.ZBlJ0VlBz9s)
Metagenome sequencing raw data of longitudinal stool study of patients with IBD and controls	Hall et al.42	SRA database: PRJNA385949
Experimental models: Organisms/strains
C57BL/6J mice	Shanghai Jihui Laboratory Animal Care	N/A
Oligonucleotides
Bacterial universal 16S rDNA gene primers: F: 5′-GGTGAATACGTTCCCGG-3′ R: 5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′	This paper	N/A
Primers for Blautia wexlerae/Blautia luti: F: 5′- GCATAAGCGCACAGAGCT-3′ R: 5′- CACATCAGACTTGCCACA-3′	Touyama et al.43	N/A
Primer for mouse β-actin, Tnf-α, Ifn-γ, Il-1b, Il-17, Il-6. More details see Table S6.	Oancea et al.36	N/A
Primer for Blautia wexlerae, Blautia luti and mouse Cd4, Cd8a, Ptprc, Cd19, Sdc1, Tnfrsf17, Ly6c, Ly6g, Itgax, Ncam1, Itga2. More details see Table S6.	This paper	N/A
Primer for pycA. More details see Table S6.	Lee et al.44	N/A
Software and algorithms
Prism V9.0	Graph Pad	https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
FlowJo	FlowJo LLChttps	https://www.flowjo.com/
R v4.1.2	R	https://www.r-project.org/
VSEARCH v2.15.0	Rognes et al.45	https://github.com/torognes/vsearch
Scanpy Package v1.8.1	Wolf et al.46	https://github.com/theislab/Scanpy
fastp 0.23.2	Chen et al.47	https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp
curatedMetagenomicData v3.6.2	Pasolli et al.48	https://github.com/waldronlab/curatedMetagenomicData
mOTUs v2.0.1	Milanese et al.49	https://github.com/motu-tool/mOTUs