Table 4.

Maternal and fetal complications caused by GDM in various studies (internal/external)

Year	Author, Country	Cesarean section	Stillbirth	Preeclampsia	Hypertension	Developing maternal diabetes	Large for gestational age (SGA age (SGA)	Small for gestational age (SGA age (SGA)	Preterm birth	Icterus	Respiratory distress	Other significant items
2013	Wang, China [29]	+					+		+			---
2020	Bayat, Iran [37]	+										Requiring NICU
2020	Simeonova, Macedonia [42]	+			+				+		+	Hypoglycemia Maternal BMI Requiring NICU
2020	Muche, Ethiopia [46]						+	-	+			---
2018	Kumari, India [36]	-			+		+			-		Hypoglycemia
2018	Domanski, Germany [38]	+							+			Hypoglycemia
2018	Aziz, Pakistan [39]			+		+						---
2004	Keshavarz, Iran [45]	+	+	-	+		+	-	-		-	---

Table cells with a checkmark (+) indicate a significant correlation, cells with a dash sign (-) indicate no significant correlation, and empty cells show no studies on the variable.