Table 1.
Enzymes in sulfur metabolism pathways described in this review. Additional information obtained from The Human Protein Atlas.
| ID | GENE | NAME | CHROMOSOME | EC | COFACTOR/COENZYME | TISSUE RNA EXPRESSION (nTPM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ENSG00000181915 | ADO | 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase | 10 | 1.13.11.19 | Nickel (Ni2+) Fe2+ | Testes - 40 |
| Brain - 30 | ||||||
| Tongue - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000101444 | AHCY (SAHH) | Adenosylhomocysteinase | 20 | 3.3.1.1 | NAD + open, NADH closed | Liver - 180, Kidney (Proximal Tubule) - 160, Pancreas - 160, most tissue |
| ENSG00000119689 | α-KGDHC - DLST | α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex | 14 | 1.2.4.2 | TPP (vitamin B1) Mg2+ | Tongue - 230 |
| Muscle - 150 | ||||||
| Kidney - 100 | ||||||
| ENSG00000145692 | BHMT | betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase | 5 | 2.1.1.5 | Zinc (Zn2+) | Liver (hepatocytes) - 1150 |
| Potassium (K+) | Kidney (proxima tubule) - 770 | |||||
| ENSG00000132840 | BHMT2 | betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 | 5 | 2.1.1.5 | Zinc (Zn2+) | Liver - 430 |
| Potassium (K+) | Kidney - 333 | |||||
| ENSG00000160200 | CBS | Cystathionine beta-synthase | 21 | 4.2.1.22 | Heme (Fe2+) | Liver - 175 |
| Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Pancreas - 100 | |||||
| ENSG00000129596 | CDO1 | Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 | 5 | 1.13.11.20 | Iron (II) | Liver - 500 |
| Adipose - 120 | ||||||
| ENSG00000016391 | CHDH | Choline dehydrogenase | 3 | 1.1.99.1 | FAD+ | Liver - 40 |
| Kidney - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000068120 | COASY | Coenzyme A synthase | 17 | PPAT - 2.7.7.3 | ATP | Liver - 70 |
| DPCK - 2.7.1.24 | Magnesium (Mg2+) | Adrenals - 60 | ||||
| ENSG00000139631 | CSAD | Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase | 12 | 4.1.1.29 | Heme (Fe2+) | Liver - 100 |
| Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Adipose - 70 | |||||
| ENSG00000116761 | CTH - CSE - CGL | Cystathionine gamma-lyase | 1 | 4.4.1.1 | Heme (Fe2+) | Liver - 120 |
| Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Ovary - 35 | |||||
| ENSG00000228716 | DHFR | Dihydrofolate reductase 1 | 5 | 1.5.1.3 | NADP+ | Liver - 60 |
| Thymus - 60 | ||||||
| Bone Marrow - 60 | ||||||
| Tonsils/lymph nodes - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000178700 | DHFR2 | Dihydrofolate reductase 2 | 3 | 1.5.1.3 | NADP+ | Ovary - 10 |
| Endometrium - 8 | ||||||
| Liver - 7 | ||||||
| ENSG00000102967 | DHODH | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone) | 16 | 1.3.5.2 | FAD+ | Liver (hepatocytes) - 100 |
| ENSG00000132837 | DMGDH | Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase | 5 | 1.5.99.2 | FAD+ | Liver - 300 |
| kidney - 170 | ||||||
| ENSG00000105755 | ETHE1/PDO | “ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein” and “per sulfide dioxygenase" | 19 | 1.13.11.18 | Iron (Fe2+) | Colon - 260 |
| Rectum - 230 | ||||||
| ENSG00000010932 | FMO1 | Flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 1 | 1 | 1.14.13.8 | FAD+ | Kidney (Proximal Tubule) - 200 |
| NADP+ | ||||||
| ENSG00000094963 | FMO2 | Flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 2 | 1 | 1.14.13.8 | FAD + NADPH Magnesium (Mg2+) | Lung - 100 |
| Adipose - 70 | ||||||
| Esophagus - 70 | ||||||
| Muscle - 60 | ||||||
| ENSG00000007933 | FMO3 | Flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 3 | 1 | 1.14.13.8 | FAD+ | Liver - 1120 |
| NADP+ | ||||||
| ENSG00000076258 | FMO4 | Flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 4 | 1 | 1.14.13.8 | FAD+ | Liver - 70 |
| NADP+ | Kideny - 50 | |||||
| ENSG00000131781 | FMO5 | Flavin containing dimethylaniline monoxygenase 5 | 1 | 1.14.13.8 | FAD+ | Liver - 700 |
| NADP+ | ||||||
| ENSG00000165060 | FXN | Frataxin | 9 | 1.16.3.1 | Iron (Fe2+) | Liver - 46 |
| Bone Marrow - 30 | ||||||
| Muscle - 25 | ||||||
| ENSG00000001084 | y-GCS - GCLC | Glutamate-cysteine ligase | 6 | 6.3.2.2 | ATP Magnesium (Mg2+) | Liver - 150 |
| Bladder - 60 | ||||||
| Fallopian Tubes - 60 | ||||||
| ENSG00000120053 | GOT1 - CAT1 - AST1 | Aspartate aminotransferase 1 | 10 | 2.6.1.3 | Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) | Tongue - 1010 |
| Heart - 560 | ||||||
| Muscle - 500 | ||||||
| Liver - 370 | ||||||
| Kidney - 140 | ||||||
| ENSG00000125166 | GOT2 - CAT2 - AST2 | Aspartate aminotransferase 2 | 16 | 2.6.1.3 | Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) | Tongue - 730 |
| Skeletal muscle - 700 | ||||||
| Liver - 320 | ||||||
| Heart - 310 | ||||||
| ENSG00000100983 | GSS | Glutathione synthetase | 20 | 6.3.2.3 | ATP Magnesium (Mg2+) | Testis - 70 |
| Liver - 45 | ||||||
| Kidney - 45 | ||||||
| GI - 40 | ||||||
| Skin - 30 | ||||||
| Brain - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000151224 | MAT1A | Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A | 10 | 2.5.1.6 | ATP | Liver (hepatocytes) - 1400 |
| Magnessium (Mg2+) | ||||||
| Potassium (K+) | ||||||
| ENSG00000168906 | MAT2A | Methionine adenosyltransferase 2A | 2 | 2.5.1.6 | ATP | Pancreas - 900 |
| Magnessium (Mg2+) | Thyroid - 400 | |||||
| Potassium (K+) | Brain White Matter - 300 | |||||
| ENSG00000038274 | MAT2B | Methionine adenosyltransferase 2B | 5 | 2.5.1.7 | NADP+ | Nonspecific - 100 (Kidney, duodenum, lymph) |
| ENSG00000128309 | MPST, TST2 | Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase | 22 | 2.8.1.2 | Zinc (Zn2+) | Liver - 400 |
| GI TRACT - 100 | ||||||
| ENSG00000177000 | MTHFR | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | 1 | 1.5.1.20 | FAD+ | Epidydemis - 60 |
| NADP+ | Bone - 30 | |||||
| ENSG00000116984 | MTR | Methionine synthase | 1 | 2.1.1.13 | B12 | Parathyroid - 30 |
| Zinc (Zn2+) | Muscle - 20 | |||||
| Cobalt (Co3+) | Cardiomyocytes - 20 | |||||
| ENSG00000124275 | MTRR | 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase | 5 | 2.1.1.3 | FAD+, NADP+ | Parathyroid - 20 |
| Tongue 20 | ||||||
| Muscle - 16 | ||||||
| ENSG00000152782 | PANK1 | Pantothenate kinase 1 | 10 | 2.7.1.33 | ATP Magnesium (Mg2+) | Liver - 110 |
| Kidney - 40 | ||||||
| Tongue - 30 | ||||||
| GI-tract - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000125779 | PANK2 | Pantothenate kinase 2 | 20 | 2.7.1.33 | ATP Magnesium (Mg2+) | Testis - 25 |
| Tonsils - 20 | ||||||
| Bone Marrow - 20 | ||||||
| Esophagus - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000120137 | PANK3 | Pantothenate kinase 3 | 5 | 2.7.1.33 | ATP Magnesium (Mg2+) | Liver - 40 |
| GI Tract - 30 | ||||||
| Breast - 25 | ||||||
| ENSG00000157881 | PANK4 | Pantothenate kinase 4 | 1 | 2.7.1.33 | ATP, Maganase (Mn2+), Nickel (Ni2+), Cobalt (Co2+) | Skeletal Muscle - 35 |
| Heart - 20 | ||||||
| Tongue - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000138801 | PAPSS1 | 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1 | 4 | ATPS - 2.7.7.4, APSK - 2.7.1.25 | ATP, Magnesium (Mg2+) | Brain - 65 |
| Salvilary gland - 65 | ||||||
| Stomach - 60 | ||||||
| Skin - 50 | ||||||
| ENSG00000198682 | PAPSS2 | 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2 | 10 | ATPS - 2.7.7.4 , APSK - 2.7.1.25 | ATP, Magnesium (Mg2+) | Adrenal - 135 |
| Liver - 80 | ||||||
| Colon - 80 | ||||||
| Lung - 70 | ||||||
| Placenta - 60 | ||||||
| ENSG00000138621 | PPCDC | Propionyl-CoA decarboxylase, alpha subunit | 15 | 4.1.1.36 | Coenzyme A, FMN | Parathyroid - 20 |
| Bone Marrow - 20 | ||||||
| Adrenal - 20 | ||||||
| Esophagus - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000127125 | PPCS | Propionyl-CoA synthase | 1 | 6.3.2.51 | B5, ATP, Magnesium (Mg2+) | Liver - 100 |
| Kidney - 90 | ||||||
| Pancreas - 70 | ||||||
| Testis - 70 | ||||||
| ENSG00000123453 | SARDH | Sarcosine dehydratase | 9 | 1.5.8.3 | FAD+, Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Liver - 115 |
| Pancreas - 40 | ||||||
| Testis - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000073578 | SDHA | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A | 5 | 1.3.5.1 | FAD+ | Heart - 600 |
| Skeletal muscle - 480 | ||||||
| Liver - 250 | ||||||
| ENSG00000117118 | SDHB | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B | 1 | 1.3.5.1 | Iron–Sulfur [Fe–S] | Tongue - 580 |
| Skeletal muscle - 500 | ||||||
| Liver - 310 | ||||||
| ENSG00000143252 | SDHC | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C | 1 | 1.3.5.1 | Iron–Sulfur [Fe–S] | Liver - 300 |
| Tongue - 280 | ||||||
| Kidney - 280 | ||||||
| Skeletal muscle - 280 | ||||||
| ENSG00000204370 | SDHD | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D | 11 | 1.3.5.1 | Iron–Sulfur [Fe–S], Heme | Tongue - 450 |
| Liver - 350 | ||||||
| Skeletal muscle - 330 | ||||||
| Kidney - 320 | ||||||
| ENSG00000176974 | SHMT1 | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 | 17 | 2.1.2.1 | Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Liver- 400 |
| Kidney - 170 | ||||||
| ENSG00000182199 | SHMT2 | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 | 12 | 2.1.2.1 | Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) | Liver - 180 |
| Pancreas - 60 | ||||||
| ENSG00000081800 | SLC13A1 | Solute carrier family 13 member A1 | 7 | NA | Sodium (Na+) | Kidney (Proximal Tubule) - 80 |
| ENSG00000145217 | SLC26A1 | Solute carrier family 26 member 1 | 4 | NA | NA | Liver - 18 |
| Adrenals - 10 | ||||||
| ENSG00000155850 | SLC26A2 - DTDST | diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter | 5 | NA | NA | Colon - 210 |
| Rectum - 200 | ||||||
| ENSG00000137767 | SQOR | Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase | 15 | 1.8.5.8 | FAD+ | Colon - 210 |
| Rectum - 180 | ||||||
| Muscle - 130 | ||||||
| Esophagus - 110 | ||||||
| ENSG00000196502 | SULT1A1 | Sulfotransferase family 1A member 1 | 16 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Liver - 250 |
| Duodenum - 140 | ||||||
| Small intestines - 100 | ||||||
| Adrenals - 100 | ||||||
| ENSG00000197165 | SULT1A2 | Sulfotransferase family 1A member 2 | 16 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) Calcium (Ca2+) | Liver - 50 |
| Duodenum - 50 | ||||||
| Small intestine - 50 | ||||||
| ENSG00000261052 | SULT1A3 | Sulfotransferase family 1A member 3 | 16 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Duodenum - 240 |
| Small Intestine - 140 | ||||||
| BRAIN - 50 | ||||||
| ENSG00000213648 | SULT1A4 | Sulfotransferase family 1A member 4 | 16 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Small Intestine - 70 |
| Colon - 50 | ||||||
| Adipose - 30 | ||||||
| Breast - 30 | ||||||
| ENSG00000173597 | SULT1B1 | Sulfotransferase family 1B member 1 | 4 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Duodenum - 100 |
| Small Intestine - 100 | ||||||
| ENSG00000198203 | SULT1C2 | Sulfotransferase family 1C member 2 | 2 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Stomach (gastric mucus cells) - 170 |
| Kidney - 70 | ||||||
| ENSG00000196228 | SULT1C3 | Sulfotransferase family 1C member 3 | 2 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Breast - 370 |
| ENSG00000198075 | SULT1C4 | Sulfotransferase family 1C member 4 | 2 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Brain - 30 |
| Gall bladder - 30 | ||||||
| Ovary - 30, | ||||||
| ENSG00000109193 | SULT1E1 | Sulfotransferase family 1E member 1 | 4 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) Sodium (Na+) | Liver - 40 |
| Duodenum - 30 | ||||||
| Vagina - 30 | ||||||
| Skin - 20 | ||||||
| ENSG00000105398 | SULT2A1 | Sulfotransferase family 2A member 1 | 19 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Liver - 1080 |
| Duodenum - 240 | ||||||
| Small intestine 100 | ||||||
| Duodenum - 60 | ||||||
| Parathyroid - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000088002 | SULT2B1a | Sulfotransferase family 2B member 1a | 19 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) Sodium (Na+) | Esophogus - 300 |
| Skin (karatinocytes), 200 | ||||||
| Vagina 150 | ||||||
| Cervix - 70 | ||||||
| Salivary glands - 50 | ||||||
| ENSG00000088002 | SULT2B1b | Sulfotransferase family 2B member 1b | 19 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) Sodium (Na+) | Esophogus - 300 |
| Skin (karatinocytes) - 200 | ||||||
| Vagina 150 | ||||||
| Cervix - 70 | ||||||
| ENSG00000130540 | SULT4A1 | Sulfotransferase family 4A member 1 | 22 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Brain (cerebral cortex) - 100 |
| Brain (white matter) - 30 | ||||||
| ENSG00000138068 | SULT6B1 | Sulfotransferase family 6B member 1 | 2 | 2.8.2.1 | 3-phospho-5-adenosyl sulfate (PAPS) | Testes - 5 |
| Brain - 3 | ||||||
| ENSG00000139531 | SUOX | Sulfite oxidase | 12 | 1.8.3.1 | Molybdenum (Mo) Cobalt (Co) Heme (Fe2+) | Liver - 70 |
| Parathyroid - 50 | ||||||
| Kidney - 40 | ||||||
| Muscle - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000138336 | TET1 | Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine deoxigenase 1 | 10 | NA | Zinc (Zn2+) Iron (Fe2+) | Brain - 5 |
| ENSG00000168769 | TET2 | Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine deoxigenase 2 | 4 | NA | Zinc (Zn2+) Iron (Fe2+) | Bone marrow - 25 |
| Skin - 10 | ||||||
| ENSG00000187605 | TET3 | Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine deoxigenase 3 | 2 | NA | Zinc (Zn2+) Iron (Fe2+) | Bone marrow - 20 |
| Skin - 15 | ||||||
| Brain - 13 | ||||||
| ENSG00000169902 | TPST1 | Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 1 | 7 | 2.8.2.20 | NA | Liver - 50 |
| Gallbladder – 40 | ||||||
| Urinary bladder - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000128294 | TPST2 | Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 | 7 | 2.8.2.20 | NA | Pancreas - 400 |
| Epididymis - 100 | ||||||
| Liver - 70 | ||||||
| ENSG00000176890 | TS/TYMS | Thymidylate synthase | 18 | 2.1.1.45 | Tetrahydrofolate (THF) | Thymus - 115 |
| Bone - 90 | ||||||
| Tonsil - 45 | ||||||
| lymph - 40 | ||||||
| ENSG00000128311 | TST | Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase | 22 | 2.8.1.1 | Zinc (Zn2+) | Liver - 560 |
| GI Tract - 150 | ||||||
| Adrenals - 150 | ||||||
| ENSG00000112299 | VNN1 | Vanin 1 | 6 | 3.5.1.92 | NA | Liver – 220 |
| Duodenum 140 | ||||||
| Gallbladder - 90 | ||||||
| ENSG00000112303 | VNN2 | Vanin 2 | 6 | 3.5.1.92 | NA | Spleen – 60 |
| Tonsils & Lymph nodes – 40 | ||||||
| Bone Marrow - 30 | ||||||
| ENSG00000093134 | VNN3 | Vanin 3 | 6 | 3.5.1.92 | NA | Liver – 35 |
| Bone Marrow - 35 |