Table 2.
The dominant human gut microbial phyla are Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, with the two phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes representing 90% of gut microbiota [137]. It is estimated that the gut microbiome contains 39 trillion microbial cells compared to 37 trillion human cells [138]. Additional enzyme information was obtained from KEGG pathways.
| PHYLUM | SUMMARY | COMMON BACTERIA | BACTERIAL SULFUR REDUCING ENZYMES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteroides | Gram Negative (−) Anaerobic Rod-shaped |
Alistipes (−) Rod Bacteroides cellulosilyticus(−) Rod Bacteroides dorei(−) Rod Bacteroides fragilis(−) Rod Bacteroides ovatus(−) Rod Bacteroides vulgatus(−) Rod Bacteroides xylanisolvens(−) Rod Faecalibacterium prausnitzii(−) Rod Oscillibacter (−) Rod Parabacteroides(−) Rod Porphyromonas gingivalis(−) Rod Prevotella (−) Rod |
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST; sseA) PAPS Reductase (PAPSR/CysH) Desulfhydrase enzymes Sulfite Reductase (CysJ/CysI; SIR) O-acetylserine(thiol)lyas (OASS) enzymes. ArylSulfatases Cystathionine-gamma-synthase (metB) Cystathionine-gamma-lyase (mccB) Cystiene synthase (cysK, cysM) Desulfurylases (dcyD, malY, metC) Cysteine desulfhydrases (dcyD/CDS, CdsH, LCD/DES1) Methionine Gamma Lyase (MGL) GlycoSulfatase |
| Firmicutes | Gram Positive (+) Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Rod/Coccus-shaped |
Bacillus anthrax (+) Rod Staphylococcus (+) Coccus Streptococcus (+) Coccus Clostridium difficile(+) Rod Clostridium perfinges(+) Rod Clostridium tetanus(+) Rod Lactobacillus(+) Rod Roseburia(+) Rod Fusobacterium (−) Spindle rod Eubacteria (+) Rod Haemophilis influenzae(−) Rod Listeria(+) Rod |
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST; sseA) PAPS Reductase (PAPSR/CysH) Desulfhydrase enzymes Sulfite Reductase (CysJ/CysI; SIR) O-acetylserine(thiol)lyas (OASS) enzymes. ArylSulfatase Cystathionine-gamma-synthase (metB) Cystathionine-gamma-lyase (mccB) Cystiene synthase (cysK, cysM) Desulfurylases (dcyD, malY, metC) Cysteine desulfhydrases (dcyD/CDS, CdsH, LCD/DES1) Methionine Gamma Lyase (MGL) |
| Proteobacteria | Gram Negative (−) Anaerobic/Facultative Rod-shaped |
Desulfovibrio (−) Rod Corynebacterium diphtheria(+) Rod Escherichia Coli(−) Rod Klebsiella(−) Rod Proteus (−) Rod Salmonella (−) Rod Shigella (−) Rod Vibrio cholerae(−) Rod Campylobacter jejuni(−) Spiral rod Helicobacter pylori(−) Spiral rod |
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST; sseA) PAPS Reductase (PAPSR/CysH) Desulfhydrase enzymes Sulfite Reductase (CysJ/CysI; SIR) O-acetylserine(thiol)lyas (OASS) enzymes. ArylSulfatases Cystathionine-gamma-synthase (metB) Cystathionine-gamma-lyase (mccB) Cystiene synthase (cysK, cysM) Desulfurylases (dcyD, malY, metC) Cysteine desulfhydrases (dcyD/CDS, CdsH, LCD/DES1) Methionine Gamma Lyase (MGL) GlycoSulfatase |
| Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria) | Gram Positive (+) Aerobic/Anaerobic Rod/Coccus/Branching |
Mycobacterium Leprae (+) Rod Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(+) Rod Nocardia (+) Rod Rhodococcus (+) Coccus/Branching Streptomyces (+) Coccus/Branching Actinomyces(+) Branching rod Bifidobacterium (+) Branching rod Collinsella (+) Cocci/Branching |
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST; sseA) PAPS Reductase (PAPSR/CysH) Desulfhydrase enzymes Sulfite Reductase (CysJ/CysI; SIR) O-acetylserine(thiol)lyas (OASS) enzymes. ArylSulfatases Cystathionine-gamma-synthase (metB) Cystathionine-gamma-lyase (mccB) Cystiene synthase (cysK, cysM) Desulfurylases (dcyD, malY, metC) Cysteine desulfhydrases (dcyD/CDS, CdsH, LCD/DES1) Methionine Gamma Lyase (MGL) |