FIGURE 1.

Cetacean phylogeny (Gatesy et al., 2013; McGowen et al., 2009) showing principal feeding (hence tongue use) methods: biting, suction, skim, and lunge (=gulp) feeding, or combination thereof. It might appear as if basal odontocetes used tongue‐driven suction ingestion (Table 1 #6), but this figure depicts only extant taxa. Stem odontocetes likely used biting based on fossil jaws and dentition. Sucking independently evolved in multiple lineages because of aquatic effectiveness.