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. 2023 Aug 18;16:97. doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Development stages of adoptive cell therapies and targets of TCR-T, CAR-T, and CAR-NK cells in clinical trials of cancer therapy. A The developmental stage of each adoptive cell therapy was counted. B–D Targets of TCR-T (B), CAR-T (C), and CAR-NK (D) in clinical trials of cancer therapy. The top targets were highlighted separately in the pie chart; low proportion or unknown targets were merged into the other targets section. Each target of the multi-target CAR was counted separately. Data were obtained from clinicaltrials.gov and were updated as of July 2023. WT1, Wilms tumor 1; HA-1, minor histocompatibility antigen 1; HPV, human papillomavirus; MAGE, melanoma-associated antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; BCMA, B cell maturation antigen; GPC3, glypican-3; GD2, disialoganglioside; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NKG2DL, NKG2D ligand; DLL3, delta-like ligand 3; and MICA/B, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B