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. 2023 Aug 19;7:78. doi: 10.1038/s41698-023-00431-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Because of its tumor tropism, macrophages are ideal vehicle to carry therapeutic matters to tumor site. General payloads include conventional chemotherapy drugs, medium of the physical treatments, and genes of immunotherapeutic biomolecules. Latest technology also enables loading of CARs on macrophages, potentially breaking through the limitations of CAR therapy in solid tumors. pCAR chimeric antigen receptor plasmid, PDT photodynamic therapy, CPN conjugated polymer nanoparticles, TMZ NP temozolomide nanoparticle, DOX doxorubicin, PTX paclitaxel, CD cytosine deaminase, IFN interferon, NS nanoshells, EGFRv epidermal growth factor variant, BiTE bispecific T-cell engagers (Created with BioRender.com).