Table 2.
Information about engineered macrophages as glioma therapy tools.
| Payload | Medium | Medicating route | Source of macrophages | Change of state of macrophage | Effects on tumor burden | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tie2-IFN-α | Lentivirus | Intravenous | Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell | Activated and upregulated Iba1, Oas1a, TNF-α and IL1a/b | Inhibit angiogenesis, suppresses tumor growth and metastasis | 83 |
| Tie2-IFN-α | Lentivirus | Intravenous | Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell | – | – | NCT03866109 |
| IFN-β | Exo-AAV | Intravenous | Tumor stromal cell | Secrete IFN-β, and pro-inflammatory | 10–20% tumor cell death | 84 |
| Cytosine Deaminase | Non-viral vector | In vitro | NR8383 cell line | Multi-drug resistance | Tumor cells decrease in hybrid cell monolayers | 93 |
| Cytosine Deaminase | – | Intratumoral | – | – | – | NCT04657315 |
| EGFRvIII BiTEs | Lentivirus | Intratumoral | Monocyte-derived macrophages | Pro-inflammatory, also activate T cells | Prevented tumor growth for 36 days in the presence of T cells | 87 |
| EGFRvIII BiTEs | – | Intravenous | – | – | – | NCT04903795 |
| IL-15 | rAAV2 | Intranasal | Microglia | Reduction of Arg1(+) pro-tumoral cells | Reduce tumor volume from 4.52 to 1.47 mm3 | 59 |
| IL-12 | Lentivirus | Intravenous | Monocyte-derived macrophages | Not changed after transduction, but turn pro-inflammatory in vivo | Slowed tumor growth and increased survival | 91 |
| DOX | Nanodiamonds | Intravenous | U937 cell line and peripheral monocyte | Increased expression of CD86(Pro-inflammatory) | Render damage-associated molecular patterns in tumor cells | 95 |
| TMZ | NPs | Oral | Intestinal macrophages | Become pro-tumoral by LPS and IFN stimulating | Reduce tumor volume and body weight loss | 99 |
| PTX | Liposomes | Intravenous | BV2 cell line | Pro-inflammatory | Lower doses and higher efficacy | 98 |
| Au | AuNS | Intracerebral | NR8383 cell line | Not mentioned | Reduce tumor volume | 101 |
| photosensitizer | CPNs | Intravenous | THP-1 and monocyte | Pro-inflammatory | No in vivo data | 102 |
| anti-HER2 CAR | Ad5f35 | – | monocyte-derived macrophages | Pro-inflammatory | No data for GBM | 112 |
| anti-CD19 CAR | Lentivirus | – | Pluripotent stem cell | Pro-tumoral, but turn pro-inflammatory after exposure to tumor | No data for GBM | 129 |
| anti-CD133 CAR | pCARs(non-viral) | Intratumoral | Tumor stromal cell | Pro-inflammatory and gathered in tumor site | Tumor regression, inhibit tumor recurrence | 113 |