Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population Based on SII Index Quartiles
| SII Index | Total (n=1197) | Q1 (n=300) | Q2 (n=299) | Q3 (n=298) | Q4 (n=300) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45.91 ± 0.84 | 44.42 ± 1.22 | 44.43 ± 1.54 | 47.11 ± 1.65 | 47.68 ± 1.51 | 0.483 |
| Sex, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 584 (48.8%) | 165 (13.8%) | 166 (13.9%) | 138 (11.5%) | 115 (9.6) | |
| Female | 613 (51.2%) | 135 (11.3%) | 133 (11.1%) | 160 (13.4%) | 185 (16.5%) | |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 0.177 | |||||
| Mexican American | 165 (13.8%) | 34 (2.8%) | 47 (3.9%) | 43 (3.6%) | 41 (3.4%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 108 (9.0%) | 19 (1.6%) | 32 (2.7%) | 26 (2.2%) | 31 (2.6%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 287 (24.0%) | 91 (7.6%) | 75 (6.3%) | 60 (5.0%) | 61 (5.1%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 429 (35.8%) | 87 (7.3%) | 98 (8.2%) | 120 (10.0%) | 124 (10.4%) | |
| Other race | 208 (17.4%) | 69 (5.8%) | 47 (3.9%) | 49 (4.1%) | 43 (3.6%) | |
| Family PIR | 3.23 ± 0.09 | 3.35 ± 0.13 | 3.30 ± 0.12 | 3.28 ± 0.11 | 2.98 ± 0.14 | 0.104 |
| Education level, % | 0.423 | |||||
| Less than high school | 172 (14.4%) | 38 (3.2%) | 45 (3.8%) | 48 (4.0%) | 41 (3.4%) | |
| High school | 276 (23.1%) | 56 (4.7%) | 69 (5.8%) | 63 (5.3%) | 88 (7.4%) | |
| More than high school | 749 (62.6%) | 206 (17.2%) | 185 (15.5%) | 187 (15.6%) | 171 (14.3%) | |
| Marital status, % | 0.338 | |||||
| Having a partner | 724 (60.5%) | 187 (15.6%) | 174 (14.5%) | 182 (15.2%) | 181 (15.1%) | |
| No partner | 257 (21.5%) | 60 (5.0%) | 64 (5.3%) | 65 (5.4%) | 68 (5.7%) | |
| Unmarried | 216 (18.0%) | 53 (4.4%) | 61 (5.1%) | 51 (4.3%) | 51 (4.3%) | |
| Hypertension, % | 0.101 | |||||
| No | 707 (59.1%) | 173 (14.5%) | 198 (16.5%) | 167 (14.0%) | 169 (14.1%) | |
| Yes | 490 (40.9%) | 127 (10.6%) | 101 (8.4%) | 131 (10.9%) | 131 (10.9%) | |
| DM, % | 0.052 | |||||
| No | 964 (80.5%) | 252 (21.1%) | 247 (20.6%) | 231 (19.3%) | 234 (19.5%) | |
| Yes | 233 (19.5%) | 48 (4.0%) | 52 (4.3%) | 67 (5.6%) | 66 (5.5%) | |
| Smoker, % | 0.015 | |||||
| No | 703 (58.7%) | 182 (15.2%) | 172 (14.4%) | 190 (15.9%) | 159 (13.3%) | |
| Former | 270 (22.6%) | 65 (5.4%) | 74 (6.2%) | 67 (5.6%) | 64 (5.3%) | |
| Now | 224 (18.7%) | 53 (4.4%) | 53 (4.4%) | 41 (3.4%) | 77 (6.4%) | |
| Alcohol user, % | 0.724 | |||||
| Never | 117 (9.8%) | 38 (3.2%) | 23 (1.9%) | 31 (2.6%) | 25 (2.1%) | |
| Mild | 559 (46.7%) | 149 (12.4%) | 143 (11.9%) | 137 (11.4%) | 130 (10.9%) | |
| Moderate | 258 (21.6%) | 59 (4.9%) | 62 (5.2%) | 64 (5.3%) | 73 (6.1%) | |
| Heavy | 263 (22.0%) | 54 (4.5%) | 71 (5.9%) | 66 (5.5%) | 72 (6.0%) | |
| CHD, % | 0.032 | |||||
| No | 1158 (96.7%) | 289 (24.1%) | 293 (24.5%) | 285 (23.8%) | 291 (24.3%) | |
| Yes | 39 (3.3%) | 11 (0.9%) | 6 (0.5%) | 13 (1.1%) | 9 (0.8%) | |
| CHF, % | 0.098 | |||||
| No | 1179 (98.5%) | 295 (24.6%) | 296 (24.7%) | 292 (24.4%) | 296 (24.7%) | |
| Yes | 18 (1.5%) | 5 (0.4%) | 3 (0.3%) | 6 (0.5%) | 4 (0.3%) | |
| Angina pectoris | 0.611 | |||||
| No | 1175 (98.2%) | 293 (24.5%) | 293 (24.5%) | 294 (24.6%) | 295 (24.6%) | |
| Yes | 22 (1.8%) | 7 (0.6%) | 6 (0.5%) | 4 (0.3%) | 5 (0.4%) | |
| Heart attack, % | 0.102 | |||||
| No | 1157 (96.7%) | 291 (24.3%) | 292 (24.4%) | 287 (24.0%) | 287 (24.0%) | |
| Yes | 40 (3.3%) | 9 (0.8%) | 7 (0.6%) | 11 (0.9%) | 13 (1.1%) | |
| Stroke, % | 0.372 | |||||
| No | 1157 (96.7%) | 291 (24.3%) | 292 (24.4%) | 287 (24.0%) | 287 (24.0%) | |
| Yes | 40 (3.3%) | 9 (0.8%) | 7 (0.6%) | 11 (0.9%) | 13 (1.1%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.22 ± 0.37 | 27.04 ± 0.37 | 28.07 ± 0.57 | 30.66 ± 0.44 | 31.07 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 99.56 ± 0.82 | 94.46 ± 1.01 | 96.15 ± 1.68 | 102.73 ± 0.87 | 104.80 ± 2.16 | < 0.001 |
| FBG, mg/mL | 108.93 ± 1.42 | 105.35 ± 1.80 | 108.05 ± 2.27 | 113.56 ± 3.30 | 108.48 ± 1.77 | 0.207 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.59 ± 0.04 | 5.48 ± 0.06 | 5.55 ± 0.06 | 5.71 ± 0.06 | 5.62 ± 0.06 | 0.071 |
| Hb, g/dL | 14.44 ± 0.08 | 14.59 ± 0.14 | 14.65 ± 0.13 | 14.31 ± 0.16 | 14.20 ± 0.10 | 0.031 |
| Hs CRP, mg/dL | 3.37 ± 0.23 | 1.79 ± 0.20 | 2.04 ± 0.21 | 3.39 ± 0.29 | 6.30 ± 0.75 | < 0.001 |
| Plt, 1000 cells/ul | 237.84 ± 3.22 | 203.14 ± 3.61 | 225.79 ± 4.78 | 242.25 ± 5.10 | 279.40 ± 5.93 | < 0.001 |
| Lym, 1000 cells/ul | 2.06 ± 0.03 | 2.29 ± 0.06 | 2.14 ± 0.07 | 1.93 ± 0.05 | 1.88 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Neu, 1000 cells/ul | 3.85 ± 0.08 | 2.56 ± 0.08 | 3.41 ± 0.08 | 4.01 ± 0.08 | 5.38 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Mean energy | 2141.80 ± 30.40 | 2252.89 ± 78.90 | 2090.22 ± 77.39 | 2153.07 ± 56.42 | 2079.56 ± 66.04 | 0.329 |
| Intake, kcal | ||||||
| Protein intake, g | 82.41 ± 1.43 | 85.10 ± 2.20 | 83.80 ± 3.54 | 82.90 ± 2.48 | 77.84 ± 2.90 | 0.302 |
| ALT, U/L | 23.85 ± 0.79 | 25.93 ± 2.57 | 24.26 ± 0.99 | 23.02 ± 1.08 | 22.30 ± 1.29 | 0.658 |
| AST, U/L | 22.75 ± 0.63 | 25.81 ± 1.68 | 22.84 ± 1.02 | 21.53 ± 0.72 | 21.00 ± 0.78 | 0.083 |
| GGT, U/L | 29.22 ± 1.17 | 35.25 ± 3.68 | 26.99 ± 1.94 | 25.07 ± 1.43 | 30.14 ± 1.94 | 0.065 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 14.50 ± 0.20 | 14.16 ± 0.35 | 14.58 ± 0.28 | 15.07 ± 0.41 | 14.12 ± 0.42 | 0.195 |
| UA, mg/dL | 5.41 ± 0.06 | 5.51 ± 0.15 | 5.41 ± 0.12 | 5.38 ± 0.13 | 5.34 ± 0.10 | 0.693 |
| Scr, mg/dL | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 96.89 ± 1.10 | 98.54 ± 1.61 | 96.46 ± 1.74 | 95.67 ± 2.16 | 97.05 ± 1.72 | 0.654 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 187.50 ± 2.19 | 184.85 ± 3.10 | 191.95 ± 3.27 | 182.56 ± 3.73 | 190.34 ± 3.94 | 0.209 |
| TC, mg/dL | 108.76 ± 3.40 | 103.53 ± 8.21 | 107.08 ± 4.91 | 111.75 ± 7.55 | 112.47 ± 6.90 | 0.848 |
| TG, mg/dL | 54.80 ± 0.80 | 55.89 ± 1.32 | 55.76 ± 1.55 | 53.45 ± 1.04 | 54.13 ± 1.41 | 0.264 |
| ZJU score | 40.56 ± 0.42 | 37.80 ± 0.50 | 39.25 ± 0.72 | 42.39 ± 0.51 | 42.72 ± 1.07 | < 0.001 |
| BARD score | 1.70 ± 0.03 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | 1.63 ± 0.04 | 1.81 ± 0.03 | 1.81 ± 0.07 | 0.001 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | −1.60 ± 0.06 | −1.48 ± 0.06 | −1.69 ± 0.15 | −1.41 ± 0.11 | −1.82 ± 0.15 | 0.022 |
| NAFLD, % | 0.014 | |||||
| No | 861 (71.9%) | 225 (75.0%) | 226 (18.9%) | 227 (19.0%) | 183 (15.3%) | |
| Yes | 336 (28.1%) | 75 (6.3%) | 73 (6.1%) | 71 (5.9%) | 117 (9.8%) |
Abbreviations: SII index, systemic immune inflammation index; Q1, 50.000–292.000; Q2, 292.001–423.059; Q3, 423.060–602.735; Q4, 602.736–3250.714; family PIR, family poverty income ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fast glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; Hb, hemoglobin; Hs CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Plt, platelet; Lym, lymphocyte; Neu, neutrophils; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.