Table 2.
In vitro and in vivo studies on anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activities, and hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities of Hygrophila schulli plant extract
| Property | Extraction | Study | Test/s | Activities/ Remarks | Reference/s | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the plant | Solvent/s | |||||
| Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity | Seeds | Methanol | In vitro | Lipid peroxidation | Active against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) Inhibited lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value of 20 mg/ml |
(38) |
| Whole plant | Alcohol | lipid peroxidation, DPPH, and reducing power assay | Terpenoid -rich fraction showed the highest potential to act as an antioxidant and scavenge free radicals | (39) | ||
| Leaves | Water | DPPH, superoxide hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay | Depicted the highest superoxide radical-scavenging activity | (40) | ||
| Whole plant | Ethanol | In vivo | Mercuric chloride-induced oxidative stress | Ethanol extract increased the levels of antioxidant molecule enzymes which protect against oxidative damage | (32) | |
| Aerial Parts |
Alcohol (50%) | Rat liver homogenate | Exhibited good free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and moderate activity against Nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, ferryl bipyridyl complex, and lipid peroxidation | (41) | ||
| Hepatoprotective activity | Seeds | Methanol | In vivo | Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity |
Reduced the level of biochemical parameters (Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, Glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase, Glutamate dehydrogenase, Serum bilirubin) | (10) |
| Whole plant | Water | Hepatic cells significantly regenerated following the treatment of plant extract | (3) | |||
| Seeds | Methanol | Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity | Prevented alterations occurring with the use of the drug | (42) | ||
| Whole plant | Water | Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity |
Hepatic cells significantly regenerated | (3) | ||
| Root | Water | Increased enzyme level due to liver damage nearing normal with the treatment of plant extract | (43) | |||
| Exhibited protective effect due to its anti-lipid peroxidative and free radical scavenging properties | (33) | |||||
| Ethanol | Exhibited protective action in a dose-dependent manner | (44) | ||||
| Aerial part |
Ethanol | Rifampicin and isoniazid -induced hepatotoxicity |
Significantly reduced the biochemical and histological changes induced by the drug | (45) | ||
| Anti-diabetic activity | Seeds | Water, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform |
In vitro | Amylase inhibition studies and glucose diffusion inhibition studies | A methanolic extract found to be a potent anti-diabetic | (36) |
| Leaves | Water | In vivo | Fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, and glycosylated hemoglobin | Significantly decreased the glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and total serum cholesterol | (46) | |
| Aerial part | Ethanol (50%) | Fasting blood glucose | Moderately decreased the blood sugar level | (47) | ||
| Whole plant |
Water | Fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance assay | Significantly increased glycogen in the muscles and liver, and triacylglycerol in adipose tissue | (48) | ||
| Glucose oxidase method | Significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose level and markedly improved the glucose tolerance | (49) | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory activity | Leaves | Ethanol | In vitro | Anti-hyaluronidase assay | Tissue permeability was enhanced by the activity of hyaluronidase which spread the inflammatory responses around the affected organ | (4) |
| Leaves | Petroleum ether, chloroform and alcohol |
In vivo | Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced paw edema |
Chloroform and alcoholic extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity | (24) | |
| Leaves | Chloroform and alcohol | Cotton pellet-induced granuloma | Inhibition of granuloma formation was dose-dependent. The extract exhibited the ability to inhibit the proliferative phase of the inflammation process | (50) | ||
| Anti-nociceptive | Leaves, aerial parts, and roots |
Chloroform, petroleum ether, Alcohol, and water |
In vivo | Acetic acid-induced writhing response, tail flick assay, and hot plate reaction time |
Exhibited anti-nociceptive activity by both central and peripheral mechanisms | (51) |
| Leaves | Petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, and water | Exhibited anti-nociceptive activity by both central and peripheral mechanisms | (24) | |||