Table 3.

In vivo studies on anti-cancer, anti-tumor activities, and cytotoxicity of Hygrophila schulli plant extract

Property	Extraction/s		Cancer type/cell line / experimental model	Activity/ Remarks	Reference/s
	Part of the plant	Solvent/s
Anti-cancer activity and Cytotoxicity	Seeds	Water and methanol	colon: HT-29 breast; MDA-MB-435S	The methanolic extract had no toxicity against healthy mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), but selective cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435S) with IC50 of 1.58 mg/ml. Aqueous extract - selective toxicity against colon cancer cell line HT-29 with an IC50 of 0.22 mg/Ml	(1)
	Leaves	Hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water	Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell lines	Hexane extract gave 98% inhibition against the EAC cell line at 200 μg/ml concentration, aqueous extract resulted in 8% inhibition against the EAC cell line, hexane extract showed 94% inhibition against DLA cell lines at 200 μg/ml aqueous extract gave 7% inhibition against DLA cell lines Methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extract had very low cytotoxic activity against both cell lines	(54)
		Methanol	Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen & brain of Wister albino female rats	No abnormalities, changes were revealed in the color of the internal organs, presence of lesions, and no acute adverse effects with the treatment of extract at 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW).	(53)
		Ethanol	Swiss albino mice model	Neither mortality nor acute toxicity at a single oral dose of 2 g/kg	(4)
	Whole plant	Hydro-alcohol	Breast carcinogenesis	Significantly reduced the progesterone receptor (ERα, PR) levels and tumor weight	(55)
		Methanol	Breast carcinogenesis	Tumour growth was significantly reduced. Antitumor activity of the extract was dose-dependent	(7)
	Seeds	Methanol	Hepatocarcinogenesis	Antitumor activity of the extract was dose-dependent	(56)