Table 5. Association between risk factors and the presence of stroke among patients of a tertiary care hospital, Southern India (2018-19, N=300).

OR: Odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; *: statistically significant association; TIA: transient ischemic attack; HDL: high-density lipoprotein

Risk factors		Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Vertebrobasilar artery calcification	Yes	127 (84.67)	93 (62)	3.38 (1.95–5.88)	<0.001*	1.51 (0.77–3.00)	0.232
	No	23 (15.33)	57 (38)
Grade of vertebrobasilar artery calcification	Higher	89 (59.33)	19 (12.67)	10.06 (5.63–17.99)	<0.001*	9.98 (4.89–20.34)	<0.001*
	Lower	61 (40.67)	131 (87.33)
Hypertension	Present	93 (62)	60 (40)	2.44 (1.53–3.89)	<0.001*	1.04 (0.57–1.89)	0.894
	Absent	57 (38)	90 (60)
Diabetes mellitus	Present	100 (66.67)	89 (59.33)	1.37 (0.86–2.19)	0.189	2.32 (1.25–4.31)	0.007*
	Absent	50 (33.33)	61 (40.67)
Previous history of TIA	Present	17 (11.33)	46 (30.67)	0.29 (0.16–0.53)	<0.001*	0.19 (0.09–0.41)	<0.001*
	Absent	133 (88.67)	104 (69.33)
HDL levels	Lowered	92 (61.33)	105 (70)	0.68 (0.42–1.09)	0.115	0.57 (0.31–1.03)	0.062
	Normal	58 (38.33)	45 (30)
Total cholesterol levels	Raised	33 (22)	12 (8)	3.24 (1.60–6.57)	0.001*	4 (1.73–9.2)	0.001*
	Normal	117 (78)	138 (92)