Table 1.
Paid sick leave among healthcare personnel by selected characteristics — Internet panel surveysa, 2020- –2022
| 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Number (weighted %) | Weighted % with paid sick leave (95% CT) | Number (weighted %) | Weighted % with paid sick leave | Number (weighted %) | Weighted % with paid sick leave |
| Total/Overall | 1,599 (68.1) | 68.1 (62.6, 73.3) | 1,652 (71.4) | 71.4 (67.3, 75.3) | 2,555 (73.2) | 73.2 (70.2, 76.0) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 years (ref) | 371 (20.8) | 62.2 (45.7, 76.8))b | 263 (17.5) | 58.3 (44.5, 71.2) | 343 (17.3) | 65.2 (52.2, 76.8) |
| 30–44 years | 981 (35.6) | 68.4 (60.7, 75.4) | 1,007 (38.9) | 74.8 (68.6, 80.2) | 1,616 (39.7) | 76.4 (73.1, 79.5) |
| 45–59 years | 714 (29.6) | 71.3 (60.1, 80.8) | 774 (29.0) | 75.8 (69.0, 81.7) | 1,112 (29.1) | 74.0 (70.1, 77.6) |
| 60+ years | 335 (14.1) | 69.8 (58.7, 79.4) | 346 (14.6) | 69.7 (59.6, 78.6) | 547 (13.9) | 72.4 (65.9, 78.3) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (ref) | 793 (23.3) | 75.1 (66.3, 82.5) | 794 (23.3) | 83.9 (78.4, 88.4) | 1,081 (21.9) | 79.3 (74.9, 83.2) |
| Female | 1,608 (76.7) | 66.0 (59.4, 72.2) | 1,597 (76.7) | 67.7 (62.6, 72.5) | 2,537 (78.1) | 71.5 (67.9, 74.9) |
| Race/ethnicity c | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic (ref) | 1,494 (59.5) | 67.0 (60.3, 73.2) | 1,419 (61.4) | 71.5 (66.7, 76.0) | 2,329 (60.7) | 71.2 (67.1, 75.1) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 302 (17.0) | 68.9 (56.4, 79.6) | 316 (17.0) | 69.1 (54.4, 81.4) | 319 (16.5) | 77.7 (70.7, 83.8) |
| Hispanic | 334 (14.1) | 67.1 (44.0, 85.4))b | 399 (14.1) | 74.9 (61.9, 85.3) | 485 (14.3) | 76.3 (69.2, 82.5) |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 269 (9.4) | 75.7 (60.4, 87.4) | 253 (7.5) | 69.0 (56.5, 79.7) | 471 (8.5) | 74.7 (66.3, 81.9) |
| Education | ||||||
| Some college education or less (ref) | 541 (22.9) | 62.9 (53.9, 71.4) | 541 (29.1) | 66.0 (57.4, 73.8) | 526 (27.3) | 68.9 (63.4, 74.1) |
| Associate or bachelor’s degree | 804 (49.2) | 65.3 (55.9, 73.8) | 767 (45.2) | 73.2 (67.1, 78.7) | 1,038 (45.0) | 75.4 (69.8, 80.5) |
| More than college degree | 1,056 (27.9) | 77.5 (70.1, 83.8) | 1,082 (25.7) | 74.4 (67.4, 80.6) | 2,053 (27.7) | 73.9 (70.3, 77.3) |
| Occupation d | ||||||
| Physician | 236 (3.5) | 47.0 (26.6, 68.0))b | 283 (3.4) | 54.3 (46.1, 62.4) e | 591 (3.6) | 67.0 (62.8, 71.0) |
| Nurse practitioner/Physician assistant | 136 (1.3) | 49.0 (26.2, 72.2))b | 147 (1.4) | 88.8 (65.2, 98.6)b | 333 (1.7) | 70.4 (64.8, 75.6) |
| Nurse (ref) | 174 (18.4) | 75.0 (64.8, 83.5) | 179 (18.4) | 76.5 (66.3, 84.9) | 362 (18.7) | 76.9 (70.9, 82.3) |
| Pharmacist | 307 (1.3) | 74.6 (49.1, 91.7)b | 309 (1.3) | 73.4 (67.4, 78.8) | 509 (1.5) | 79.8 (75.8, 83.5) |
| Other clinical personnelf | 589 (18.8) | 55.6 (37.0, 73.2)b | 561 (18.8) | 62.4 (51.6, 72.4) | 916 (18.8) | 70.1 (66.0, 73.9) |
| Assistant/aide | 614 (24.2) | 62.7 (56.7, 68.4) | 577 (24.2) | 60.3 (56.0, 64.5) | 540 (24.8) | 63.9 (59.4, 68.2) |
| Non-clinical personnelg | 316 (32.6) | 78.4 (69.1, 86.0) | 306 (32.5) | 83.2 (72.8, 90.9) | 333 (30.9) | 81.2 (72.0, 88.4) |
| Work setting h | ||||||
| Hospital (ref) | 749 (36.6) | 78.3 (71.5, 84.1) | 887 (38.6) | 82.4 (77.3, 86.7) | 1,476 (40.3) | 79.1 (75.4, 82.5) |
| Ambulatory care | 686 (22.2) | 69.1 (62.3, 75.3) | 708 (22.6) | 69.0 (59.6, 77.4) | 1,325 (31.2) | 76.2 (72.3, 79.7) |
| Long-term care facility/home health carei | 569 (41.2) | 61.7 (50.3, 72.2) | 575 (41.7) | 67.8 (60.0, 74.9) | 646 (29.3) | 64.5 (56.8, 71.7) |
| Other clinical settingj | 677 (11.6) | 68.6 (57.7, 78.2) | 618 (10.8) | 59.7 (48.5, 70.2) | 773 (10.2) | 70.8 (63.8, 77.2) |
| Type of work arrangement | ||||||
| Direct hire (ref) | 1,629 (76.1) | 76.1 (71.2, 80.5) | 1,787 (82.6) | 77.0 (72.9, 80.7) | 2,705 (79.6) | 77.5 (75.0, 79.9) |
| Licensed independent practitioner | 253 (7.4) | 46.5 (31.9, 61.6) | 263 (5.5) | 50.1 (37.1, 63.1) | 425 (6.0) | 45.9 (38.1, 53.9) |
| Contract employee | 305 (16.5) | 45.7 (28.1, 64.1) b | 279 (12.0) | 46.3 (32.4, 60.6) | 424 (14.4) | 62.1 (47.4, 75.3) |
| Location of primary workplace k | ||||||
| Rural (ref) | 283 (10.7) | 70.9 (56.3, 82.9) | 308 (12.2) | 58.7 (47.2, 69.5)e | 496 (14.8) | 71.9 (66.5, 76.9) |
| Non-rural | 2,118 (89.3) | 67.8 (61.9, 73.4) | 2,080 (87.8) | 73.2 (68.8, 77.3) | 3,117 (85.2) | 73.5 (70.1, 76.8) |
| U.S. Census Bureau Region l | ||||||
| Northeast (ref) | 455 (19.8) | 70.7 (61.1, 79.0) | 456 (19.8) | 77.8 (68.6, 85.3) | 791 (19.9) | 79.8 (75.6, 83.7) |
| Midwest | 370 (23.4) | 63.5 (52.9, 73.2) | 399 (23.3) | 61.3 (51.1, 70.8) | 816 (23.2) | 71.9 (67.1, 76.3) |
| South | 1,016 (36.1) | 61.8 (50.5, 72.3) | 1,024 (36.1) | 68.0 (60.4, 74.9) | 1,248 (35.9) | 68.4 (62.0, 74.4) |
| West | 560 (20.7) | 82.0 (73.0, 89.0) | 507 (20.8) | 82.8 (75.9, 88.4) | 757 (21.0) | 77.1 (70.8, 82.5) |
| Employer influenza vaccination requirement | ||||||
| Required (ref) | 896 (42.3) | 73.7 (67.2, 79.5) | 758 (32.4) | 79.9 (73.9, 85.1) | 1,614 (43.2) | 78.6 (75.3, 81.6) |
| Recommended | 938 (41.4) | 78.3 (71.5, 84.1) | 1,071 (44.7) | 74.8 (68.9, 80.1) | 1,333 (38.3) | 74.3 (67.6, 80.2) |
| Neither required nor recommended | 443 (16.3) | 42.6 (28.8, 57.3) e | 453 (22.8) | 56.7 (43.3, 69.5) | 555 (18.4) | 59.2 (51.7, 66.4) |
| Employer COVTD-19 vaccination requirement | ||||||
| Required (ref) | N/A | N/A | 2,157 (60.0) | 80.0 (77.3, 82.5) | ||
| Recommended | N/A | N/A | 1,157 (31.6) | 69.9 (64.8, 74.6) | ||
| Neither required nor recommended | N/A | N/A | 265 (8.4) | 48.3 (39.6, 57.0) |
Note: Bold case indicates statistical significance compared with respective reference group using t-test (p<0.05).
Respondents were recruited from two preexisting national opt-in Internet sources: Medscape, a medical website managed by WebMD Health Professional Network, and general population Internet panels operated by Dynata.
Estimate does not meet the National Center for Health Statistic’s standards of reliability. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_175.pdf
Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Respondents identified as Hispanic might be of any race. The “Other” race category included Asians, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders, and women who selected “other” or multiple races.
Excludes students.
Statistically significant difference compared between survey years with 2022 survey year used as the reference group using t-test (p<0.05).
Other clinical personnel include dentists, allied health professionals, technicians and technologists, emergency technicians, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics.
Non-clinical personnel include administrative support staff/manager and non-clinical support staff.
Respondents could select more than one work setting. Each work setting is represented by a separate variable with two levels (yes/no, where reference level is no).
Nursing home, assisted living facility, other LTCF, home health agency, or home health care.
Includes dentist office or dental clinic, pharmacy, emergency medical services, and other settings where clinical care or related services were provided to patients.
Rurality was defined using ZIP codes where >50% of the population resides in a nonmetropolitan county, a rural U.S. Census tract, or both, according to the Health Resources and Services Administration’s definition of rural population. https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/definition/index.html.
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.