Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratio of having COWS ≥13, adjusted for patient characteristics
| Patient Characteristics | Adjusted Odds Ratio of Having COWS ≥13 (95% CI) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urine fentanyl, ng/mL | High (≥ 400) | reference | -- |
| Medium (40-399) | 2.14 (1.20 - 3.81) | 0.01 | |
| Low (≤40) | 5.37 (2.60 - 11.10) | < 0.001 | |
| Urine norfentanyl, ng/mL | High (≥1000) | reference | -- |
| Low (< 1000) | 0.45 (0.25 - 0.82) | 0.01 | |
| Age | 0.91 (0.74 - 1.13) | 0.40 | |
| Sex | Male | reference | -- |
| Female | 1.08 (0.69 - 1.69) | 0.73 | |
| Race/ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White | reference | -- |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.72 (0.41 - 1.25) | 0.24 | |
| Hispanic | 1.17 (0.56 - 2.47) | 0.67 | |
| Other | 0.47 (0.14 – 1.6) | 0.23 | |
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.96 - 1.04) | 0.90 | |
| Methadone | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 0.60 (0.32 - 1.13) | 0.12 | |
| Buprenorphine | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 0.52 (0.12, 2.39) | 0.40 | |
| Other opioid * | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 1.31 (0.85 - 2.04) | 0.22 | |
| THC | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 0.78 (0.47 - 1.29) | 0.33 | |
| Cocaine | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 0.60 (0.34 - 1.07) | 0.08 | |
| Amphetamine | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 0.60 (0.34 - 1.07) | 0.09 | |
| Benzodiazepine or barbiturate | Negative | reference | -- |
| Positive | 1.15 (0.70 - 1.91) | 0.58 | |
| Time between COWS and UDT, minutes | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) | 0.41 | |
| UDT collection Site | Hospital | reference | -- |
| ED | 1.75 (0.97 - 3.15) | 0.06 | |
*
Other opioid category includes oxycodone, codeine, hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, acetylmorphine, oxymorphone, tramadol
COWS, Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale; THC, tetrahydrocannabinol; UDT, urine drug test
Model also adjusted for quarter and hospital site