Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants Stratified by Total Fiber Intake, n = 92†.
| Variables | Low total fiber (<9 g/1000 calories) | High total fiber (≥9 g/1000 calories) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 46 | 46 | |
| Median fiber (g/1000 calories) | 5.4 | 7.8 | |
| Age (y) | 21.3 (1.5) | 20.8 (1.5) | 0.11 |
| Anthropometric Measurements | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 (8.3) | 26.7 (7.2) | 0.02 |
| WHR (ratio) | 0.74 (0.15) | 0.73 (0.07) | 0.64 |
| Body fat (%) | 44.9 (8.8) | 40.2 (9.3) | 0.02 |
| Muscle mass (%) | 26.3 (7.0) | 30.4 (9.4) | 0.02 |
| Dietary data | |||
| Energy (Calories/d) | 4507 (1700) | 3306 (1440) | 0.05 |
| Dietary protein (%) | 16.3 (5.8) | 16.0 (2.3) | 0.17 |
| Dietary total fat (%) | 39.5 (10.8) | 37.5 (13.1) | 0.39 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 12.5 (4.8) | 11.6 (3.3) | 0.13 |
| Monounsaturated fat (%) | 11.9 (4.5) | 15.2 (5.4) | <0.01 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 10.9 (5.7) | 11.5 (5.0) | 0.59 |
| Dietary carbohydrate (%) | 44.2 (14.1) | 46.5 (11.4) | 0.74 |
| Total fiber (g/1000 calories) | 7.0 (2.0) | 11.1 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Soluble fiber (g/1000 calories) | 2.1 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Insoluble fiber (g/1000 calories) | 4.9 (1.4) | 8.5 (2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Gut Microbiota | |||
| Firmicutes | 0.2368 (0.1028) | 0.2341 (0.1069) | 0.89 |
| Blautia Wexlerae | 0.00644 (0.00495) | 0.00808 (0.00613) | 0.16 |
| Flavonifractor Plautii | 0.00103 (0.000861) | 0.00113 (0.00185) | 0.74 |
| Fusobacteria | 0.000185 (0.00125) | 0.000011 (0.000077) | 0.35 |
| Clostridium Bolteae | 0.000956 (0.00160) | 0.00065 (0.00185) | 0.39 |
| Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii | 0.0217 (0.0124) | 0.0207 (0.0129) | 0.70 |
| Clostridioides Difficile§ | 0.000129 (0.000463) | 0.000092 (0.000488) | 0.71 |
| Bacteroidetes | 0.7039 (0.1242) | 0.7145 (1291) | 0.07 |
| Bacteroides Faecichinchillae§ | 0.00011 (0.00375) | 0.000028 (0.000193) | 0.19 |
| Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron | 0.00817 (0.00808) | 0.00883 (0.00739) | 0.67 |
| Bacteria_u_p | 0.000734 (0.0011) | 0.000802 (0.00158) | 0.81 |
| Bacteroides_u_s | 0.00279 (0.00368) | 0.00562 (0.00990) | 0.04 |
| Bacteroides Uniformis | 0.0755 (0.0492) | 0.0627 (0.0350) | 0.15 |
| Bifidobacterium Adolescentis | 0.00753 (0.0105) | 0.0108 (0.0159) | 0.25 |
| Bifidobacterium Kashiwanohense | 0.000889 (0.00205) | 0.0011 (0.00190) | 0.62 |
| Bifidobacterium Longum | 0.00672 (0.00703) | 0.0068 (0.00657) | 0.96 |
| Bifidobacterium Merycicum | 0.000067 (0.000397) | 0.000054 (0.000330) | 0.87 |
| Lactobacillus Acidophilus | 0.000011 (0.000274) | 0.000064 (0.000261) | 0.05 |
| Actinobacteria | 0.0376 (0.0316) | 0.0400 (0.0340) | 0.72 |
| Bifidobacterium Pseudocatenulatum | 0.00321 (0.00674) | 0.00238 (0.00403) | 0.48 |
| Verrucomicrobia | 0.00459 (0.0143) | 0.00495 (0.00785) | 0.88 |
| Akkermansia Muciniphila | 0.00479 (0.0143) | 0.00496 (0.00784) | 0.94 |
| Proteobacteria | 0.0143 (0.0144) | 0.0152 (0.00941) | 0.73 |
| Fusobacteria | 0.000185 (0.00125) | 0.000011 (0.000077) | 0.35 |
| F/B (ratio) | 0.38 (0.26) | 0.40 (0.40) | 0.81 |
†Data presented as mean (SD) and %. p-value < 0.05 considered significant. Bacteria written in bold indicate phylum while in italic indicate species. Body Mass Index (BMI), Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR).