Table 1:
Mean Omega-3 Index values (% EPA + DHA of total fatty acids in RBC membranes) in cohorts of observational studies or a national survey from different countries worldwide.
| RCT | Observational studies | National Survey | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full RBC FA Profile Published? |
Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Study Ref | [54] | - | - | [16] | - | [55] | [37] |
| Cohort | GISSI – HF | Pooled controls | ERA JUMP | PREDIMED | LURIC | VMF | CHMS |
| Country | Italy | Korea | Japan | Spain (Barcelona) | Germany | Germany | Canada |
| n | 461 | 2,403 | 262 | 198 | 3,259 | 446 | 4,025 |
| Males | 77% | 45% | 100% | 52% | 70% | 0% | 50% |
| Subjects | Heart Failure | Healthy | Healthy | CVD Risk Factors | CHD | Healthy | Healthy |
| Sampling Date | 2002-2005 | 2005-2017 | 2002-2006 | 2007-2009 | 1997-2000 | 2013-2015 | 2012-2015 |
| Age (years) | 67 | 61 | 45 | 66 | 63 | 49 | 20-79 |
| C16:0 | 23.5% | 24.0% | 23.7% | 22.5% | 21.9% | 22.6% | 23.5% |
| C16:1n7t | 0.13% | 0.18% | 0.07% | - | 0.15% | - | 0.17% |
| C16:1n7 | 0.76% | 1.07% | 0.43% | 0.53% | 0.48% | 0.43% | 0.35% |
| C18:0 | 16.3% | 17.5% | 16.9% | 14.3% | 17.2% | 16.5% | 17.8% |
| C18:1t | 0.40% | 0.54% | 0.41% | - | 0.60% | - | 0.27% |
| C18:1n9 | 18.9% | 13.5% | 16.5% | 17.6% | 14.9% | 15.9% | 14.2% |
| C18:2trans | 0.13% | 0.33% | 0.17% | - | 0.21% | - | 0.15% |
| C18:2n6 | 11.8% | 12.0% | 12.7% | 13.4% | 11.2% | 11.6% | 13.2% |
| C18:3n6 | 0.15% | 0.16% | 0.17% | 0.12% | 0.10% | 0.09% | 0.10% |
| C20:1n9 | 0.30% | 0.25% | 0.24% | 0.30% | 0.24% | 0.29% | - |
| C18:3n3 | 0.10% | 0.39% | 0.26% | 0.17% | 0.12% | 0.17% | 0.29% |
| C20:2n6 | 0.28% | 0.36% | 0.25% | - | 0.26% | 0.22% | - |
| C20:3n6 | 1.79% | 1.29% | 1.36% | 1.93% | 1.76% | 1.74% | 1.86% |
| C20:4n6 | 13.9% | 12.5% | 11.7% | 16.5% | 16.5% | 15.5% | 14.7% |
| C24:0 | 0.55% | 0.32% | 0.24% | - | 0.80% | 0.85% | - |
| C20:5n3 | 0.55% | 1.88% | 2.08% | 0.94% | 0.76% | 0.82% | 0.76% |
| C24:1n9 | 0.75% | 0.32% | 0.14% | 0.56% | 0.76% | 0.86% | - |
| C22:4n6 | 2.60% | 2.10% | 1.79% | - | 3.24% | 2.97% | 2.96% |
| C22:5n6 | 0.59% | 0.45% | 0.33% | - | 0.64% | 0.64% | 0.44% |
| C22:5n3 | 1.61% | 2.63% | 2.53% | 1.81% | 2.44% | 2.47% | 2.43% |
| C22:6n3 | 4.21% | 7.38% | 7.50% | 6.09% | 5.07% | 4.66% | 3.76% |
| Omega-3 Index | 4.75% | 9.26% | 9.58% | 7.05% | 5.84% | 5.49% | 4.50% |
| Total Trans | 0.66% | 0.88% | 0.65% | - | 0.96% | - | 0.59% |
GISSI – HF, Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Insufficienza Cardiaca – Heart Failure; ERA JUMP, EBCT and Risk Factor Assessment among Japanese and US Men in the Post World War II Birth Cohort; PREDIMED, PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea trial; LURIC, Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study; CHMS, Canadian Health Measures Survey; VMF, VitaMinFemin study.