Comparison 1. Topical repellents versus placebo or no intervention.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1.1 Malaria incidence (case and infection)	4	61651	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.56, 0.98]
1.1.1 Case incidence	1	48838	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.32, 1.36]
1.1.2 Infection incidence	3	12813	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.56, 1.02]
1.2 Malaria incidence (use of other interventions)	4	61651	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.56, 0.98]
1.2.1 Use of bednets and other interventions	3	60754	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.51, 1.18]
1.2.2 Without use of bednets and other interventions	1	897	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.49, 1.04]
1.3 Malaria incidence (by risk population)	4	61651	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.56, 0.98]
1.3.1 High‐risk population	3	57643	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.58, 1.01]
1.3.2 Non‐high risk population	1	4008	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.02, 1.40]
1.4 Reported adverse events in the topical repellents arm of included studies	0		Other data	No numeric data
1.5 Malaria prevalence	4	55366	Odds Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.67, 0.97]
1.5.1 No refugees	2	53321	Odds Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.73, 1.11]
1.5.2 Refugees	2	2045	Odds Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.44, 0.86]
1.6 Malaria prevalence (per‐protocol analysis)	2		Odds Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.42, 1.56]
1.7 Anaemia	1	587	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.12 [0.81, 1.55]
1.8 All‐cause fever	1	4008	Rate Ratio (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.32, 0.56]
1.9 Adherence to the intervention	0		Other data	No numeric data