Table 1.

Metal NPs are often used as an antibacterial agent in periodontitis

Nanoparticles	Bacterial infection	Study type	Antibacterial effects	Refs.
AuNPs	Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and S. aureus	In vivo and in vitro	Dental plaque biofilm was prevented by E-Au@H with near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation by 87%, and alveolar bone repair was aided by 38%	[53]
AgNPs	Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), S. aureus, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans (C. albicans)	In vitro	At a concentration of 100 L/mL, the AgNPs-based mouthwash showed antibacterial efficacy against Lactobacillus, C. albicans, S. mutans, and S. aureus	[54]
AgNPs	P. gingivalis	In vitro	When used in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents, AgNPs may have a synergistic impact and be employed for local drug administration during periodontal treatment as an alternative to topical antiseptics and antibacterial agents	[55]
AuNPs	P. gingivalis	In vivo and in vitro	The coated aligners showed favorable antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. This study reveals a new method for treating oral P. gingivalis by coating aligners with 4,6-diamino-2-pyrimidinethiol-modified AuNPs (AuDAPT), which has typical advantages compared to other treatments for both periodontitis and related systematic diseases	[56]
Ag/Au NPs	P. gingivalis	In vitro	Ag/Au NPs inhibited the planktonic growth of P. gingivalis W83. This effect was enhanced in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which simulates the oxidative stress environment in the periodontal pocket during chronic inflammation	[57]
ZNONPs	S. mutans and P. gingivalis	In vitro	In comparison to the plain PCL membranes, S. mutans, and P. gingivalis adherence was dramatically reduced in the LZ and HZ groups that included ZnO	[58]
TiO2 nanotubes	A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and Campylobacter	In vitro	Ag-doped TiO2 nanotubes that had not yet been annealed showed a strong Ag peak. Bacterial mortality against A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and C. rectus was seen against the as-annealed Ag-doped TiO2 nanotubes, demonstrating antibacterial effectiveness	[59]
Fe3O4NPs	S. sanguinis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum	In vitro	By using a magnetic field to destroy bacteria, Fe3O4 with a magnetic field permitted the targeting of infection locations	[60]
NiNPs	S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli	In vitro	The goal of the current investigation was to ascertain if NiNPs had any inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation of clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis has a primary virulence factor that includes the capacity to form biofilms on viable and non-viable surfaces, particularly on plastic devices	[61]
BiNPs	S. mutans	In vitro	The introduction of zero-valent BiNPs completely stopped S. mutans from producing biofilm. This result was surprising since zero-valent BiNPs were anticipated to have an inhibitory effect on cell growth but not a complete block. Researchers hypothesized that because 69% of the cells were rendered inactive by NPs, there wouldn't be enough cells left to form a biofilm	[62]
BiNPs	E. faecalis and S. mutans	In vitro	Given the benefits of BiNPs, such as their ability to suppress biofilm formation and their increased antibacterial activity compared to CHX, they may be a promising alternative to CHX in the fight against E. faecalis that might be proposed for use in several branches of dentistry	[63]
CoNPs	S. aureus and E. coli	In vitro	CoNPs were observed from 0.125 to 128.0 µg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli. The zone of inhibition of CoNPs was better against E. coli than S. aureus	[64]
CuNPs	A. Actinomycetemcomitans	In vitro	The 100 g/mL copper-content solid sponges and gel spheres were made using CuNPs /chitosan gel nanocomposites. The development of A. Actinomycetemcomitans were stymied by these substances. The sphere nanocomposites were more stable in saliva and showed a prolonged release of copper at amounts effective against bacteria	[65]
CuNPs	S. mutans	In vivo and in vitro	The composite ceramic's copper ions damage the permeability of the S. mutans membrane, which in turn disrupts the bacterial respiratory system and DNA replication, ultimately leading to the death of the organism	[66]