Table 2.

Effects of different NP on periodontitis

Nanoparticles	Characteristics	Effects on periodontitis	Study type	Refs.
AuNPs	45 nm AuNPs, anti-inflammatory effect, and improve periodontal inflammation	By directly modulating hPDLCs and indirectly modulating macrophage phenotypes, AuNPs could create a microenvironment with limited inflammatory cytokine levels and reparative cytokines like BMP-2, thereby inducing PDLC differentiation, periodontal tissue regeneration, and the prevention of periodontitis progression	In vivo and in vitro	[70]
AgNPs	1–100 nm, smaller particle size, higher surface area, and quantum confinement effects	Using AgNPs as an alternative to topical antiseptics and antimicrobial agents, as well as in combination with other antimicrobial agents for a synergistic impact and local drug delivery during periodontal treatment, provides a window of opportunity for further study in the field. CHX and AgNPs are both potent antimicrobials that are effective against a wide range of periodontal and oral infections	In vitro	[55]
ZnONPs	Antimicrobial properties, the absorption peak of ZnNPs was in the range of 230–330 nm	Individuals with chronic periodontitis have higher levels of ALT enzyme activity in their saliva compared to healthy controls, and ZnONPs have been shown to increase ALT enzyme activity in these individuals	20 patients with chronic periodontitis disease	[98]
MNPs	Simple synthesis, intrinsic antimicrobial activity, low toxicity, and high versatility	In vitro antibacterial investigations showed that antibacterial MNPs could eliminate bacterial biofilms using magnetic inductivity and the nanosize effect of NPs in conjunction with the antibacterial impact of PHMB, achieving a clearance rate of close to 80%	In vivo and in vitro	[118]
NiNPs	Cheap enough for intensive use, antibacterial activities, and safe, NPs obtained are smaller than 25 nm with low polydispersity	All S. epidermidis clinical isolates were shown to be capable of biofilm generation in the investigation. The production of biofilm was shown to be suppressed by NiNPs. Factors that contribute to the progression of these infections include the capacity to produce biofilms, PIA, biofilm-associated protein, PGA, SEIL and SEC3, PSMs, Clpxp, and extracellular matrix-binding protein	In vitro	[124]
BiNPs	Bactericidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic, 4–22 nm, and antibiofilm agents	It was shown that the main size of BSS-nano is between 4 and 22 nm and has a polygonal form. Antimicrobial BSS-nano may be used in dental fillings and antiseptics	In vitro	[135]
CoNPs	Antibacterial properties, Cobalt (Co) is one of the cheaper transition metals	CoNPs have not been compared to bulk Co or to other common antimicrobials. Investigation showed that between 0.125 and 128.0 g/ml, CoNPs were effective against S. aureus and E. coli. CoNPs showed a larger zone of inhibition against E. coli than they did against S. aureus. When compared to bulk Co, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin, CoNPs were superior	In vitro	[64]
CuNPs	High biological activity, comparatively low cost, ecological safety, and antibacterial agents	Solid sponges and gel spheres containing 100 g/mL of copper were made using CuNPs /chitosan gel nanocomposites. The development of A. Actinomycetemcomitans was stymied by these substances. Nanocomposites containing CuNPs and chitosan show promise as a platform upon which to build site-specific treatments for periodontitis	In vitro	[65]
TiO2NPs	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility	In PDL cells, TiO2NPs increased COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. After being exposed to TiO2NPs, ERK1/2, and Akt were rapidly activated, perhaps upstream of NF-κB. Following treatment with TiO2NPs, intracellular ROS production increased in PDL cells	In vitro	[111]