Table 3.

Echo cardio reference parameters for diastolic function obtained through PW and TD Doppler.

	Healthy	HFrEF	HFpEF	References
E/A	1.1–1.5	↑	↑	(19, 20) (30, 31)
DT (ms)	16–31	↓	↓	(19, 20)
IVRT (ms)	16–19	↓	↓	(19, 20) (32, 33)
E/e’	19–38	↑	↑	(19, 20) (30, 32, 33)
LA area (mm2)	0.4–2.5	↑	↑	(31–33)

Increase (↑ up arrow), decrease (↓ down arrow), or no change (←→ horizontal arrows). (E and A waves) Early and late mitral velocities, (DT) E wave deceleration time, (IVRT) Isovolumic relaxation time; (E/e′) ratio, mitral inflow E wave/tissue Doppler mitral annulus velocity; (LA) left atrium. Reference values obtained from studies published that have used healthy mice and mice with HF.