Table 4.
Selected hemodynamic parameters in healthy anaesthetised mice and their change in pathologic conditions.
| Healthy | HFrEF | HFpEF | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (bpm) | 470–640 | ←→ | ←→ | (46, 48) (32, 33) |
| ESP (mm Hg) | 92–118 | ↑ ↑ (in TAC) ←→/↓ (in MI and other DCM) |
↑ | (46) (19, 20) |
| EDP (mm Hg) | 1–6 | ↑ | ↑↑ | (46) (19, 20) |
| ESV (µl) | 7–21 | ↑ (in TAC) ↑↑ (in MI and other DCM) |
↑/←→/↓ | (46) (52) |
| EDV (µl) | 25–53 | ↑ (in TAC) ↑↑ (in MI and other DCM) |
↑/←→/↓ | (46) (52) |
| SV (µl) | 17–30 | ↓ ↓ | ←→/↓ | (46) |
| CO (ml/min) | 8–16 | ↓ ↓ | ←→/↓ | (46) (45, 51, 53) |
| EF % | 55–72 | ↓ | ←→ | (52) (32, 33) |
| Ea (mmHg/µl) | 3–7 | ↑ | ↑ | (52) (19, 20) |
| dP/dtmax (mmHg/s) | 8,200–14,200 | ↓ | ←→/↓ | (46, 48) |
| ESPVR slope, Ees or Emax (mmHg/µl) | 7–14 | ↓ ↓ | ←→ | (54) |
| PRSW (mmHg) | 58–99 | ↓ ↓ | ←→/↓ | (46, 48) |
| dP/dtmax/EDV (mmHg/s/µl) |
580–799 | ↓ ↓ | ←→/↓ | (46, 48) |
| −dP/dtmin (mmHg/s) |
(−)6,700–10,500 | ↓ | ↓ | (46, 48) (32, 33) |
| Tau (ms) | 7–12 | ↑ ↑ | ↑ ↑ | (54) (32, 33) |
| EDPVR slope, β (mmHg/µl) | 0.04–0.12 | ↑ ↑ | ↑↑ | (19, 29, 55, 56) |
HR, heart rate; ESP, end systolic pressure; EDP, end diastolic pressure; ESV, end systolic volume; EDV, end diastolic volume; SV, stroke volume; CO, cardiac output; Ea, arterial elastance (index of ventricular afterload); EF, ejection fraction; dP/dtmax, peak rate of pressure rise; Ees (Emax), end systolic elastance (slope of end-systolic relationship); PRSW, preload-recruitable stroke work (slope of stroke work-EDV relationship); (dP/dtmax)/EDV, slope of relationship between dP/dtmax and EDV; −dP/dtmin, Peak rate of pressure decline; Tau, relaxation time constant; EDPVR, β, slope of end diastolic pressure volume relationship (more steep, increased stiffness). Reference values obtained from studies published that have used healthy mice and mice with HF.