Table 3.
Characteristics of development cohort stratified by “high-risk” potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) count.a
| 0 PIMs | 1 PIM | ≥2 PIMs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N=4,909) | (N=8,048) | (N=2,793) | |
| Age, median years [IQR] | 74.3 [69.4–80.1] |
74.3 [69.4–80.1] |
73.7 [68.9–79.7] |
| Female, % | |||
| Race, % | |||
| White | 72.4 | 73.3 | 79.1 |
| Black | 21.5 | 21.8 | 18.2 |
| Other b | 6.1 | 5.0 | 2.8 |
| Hispanic Ethnicity, % | 12.4 | 11.4 | 9.8 |
| Comorbid Conditions c , % | |||
| Diabetes | 57.8 | 58.9 | 57.0 |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 59.3 | 60.4 | 61.8 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 11.8 | 13.5 | 14.1 |
| Hypertension | 89.4 | 88.8 | 87.8 |
| COPD | 10.4 | 13.1 | 17.4 |
| History of Cancer | 8.8 | 9.5 | 11.3 |
| Drug Dependence | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Tobacco Use | 2.9 | 3.9 | 4.8 |
| Inability to Ambulate | 18.2 | 18.6 | 23.5 |
| Institutionalized | 12.3 | 11.3 | 17.1 |
| ESRD Cause, % | |||
| Diabetes | 46.5 | 46.3 | 43.6 |
| Hypertension | 37.2 | 35.6 | 34.3 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.4 |
| Other | 12.2 | 13.3 | 16.8 |
| Geographic Region, % | |||
| New England | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.9 |
| Mideast | 22.3 | 18.2 | 15.1 |
| Great Lakes | 18.3 | 17.3 | 18.6 |
| Plains | 4.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Southeast | 23.4 | 28.6 | 30.3 |
| Southwest | 10.4 | 11.1 | 9.8 |
| Rocky Mountain | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.0 |
| Farwest | 15.6 | 14.1 | 14.2 |
a
Number of “High Risk” PIMs in any given month.
b
Other includes Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Other or Multiracial, and Unknown
c
Refers to comorbidities, substance use and functional status reported on CMS 2728 form.
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD – end stage renal disease; IQR – interquartile range; PIM - potentially inappropriate medication