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Scatterplot of the effect of the psychiatric disorders on PDEs. An association between the psychiatric disorders on PDEs through five Mendelian randomization (MR) methods (A–D). The slope value equals the b-value calculated using the five methods and represents the causal effect. Positive slope indicates that exposure is a risk factor, whereas a negative slope is the opposite. OCD obsessive–compulsive disorder, PDE phosphodiesterase, AN anorexia nervosa
