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. 2022 Jan 17;2(1):6. doi: 10.1007/s44154-021-00025-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Roles of MAPKs in bacterial-fungal and fungal-fungal interactions. a. Antagonistic activity of B. velezensis towards the wild type and Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 triple mutant. b. The inhibitory effects of B. velezensis on conidium germination (6 h) and germ tube growth (12 h). Scale bars, 20 μm. c. The formation of swollen hyphal compartments in the triple mutant stimulated by B. velezensis. Scale bars, 50 μm. Conidia were indicated by arrows. d. Antagonistic activity of B. velezensis towards the wild type and Gpmk1, mgv1, and Fghog1 mutants. e. 16-day-old CM confrontation-cultures of C. rosea (top) with the wild type or triple mutant of F. graminearum (bottom) with the initial contact zone amplified on the right to show stimulated conidiation in C. rosea. Mean and standard deviation were estimated with data from at least three (n = 3) independent biological replicates. NS indicates no significant differences based on Student’s t-test