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. 2023 May 9;109(8):2365–2377. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000460

Table 4.

Natural actives loaded nanoemulsions for wound healing.

Sl. No Drug Methods of preparation Major additives Droplet size Zeta potential Model used Salient features References
1. Betulin-enriched extract and purified spruce balm High-pressure homogenization Sunflower oil, Jojoba oil, Triglycerides 153 to 245 nm −67.58 to −77.13 mV Human keratinocytes and fibroblast cells Enhanced proliferative profile of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. 85
2. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf High-pressure homogenization Palm oil and Gelatin <100 nm −24.03 to −34.10 mV 3T3 fibroblast cells, embryonic and adult zebrafish. Improved and better wound healing potential. 86
3. Astaxanthin-alpha tocopherol Spontaneous emulsification method, ultrasonication method. Span 80, Tween 20, PEG 189 to 216.6 nm −20.57 mV T24, Panc1, CT26, HeLa Faster healing effect of nanoemulsion and significant antibacterial activity. 65
4. Zataria multiflora essential oil Ultrasonic homogenization, electrospinning technique. Cellulose acetate, Glacial acetic acid, Gelatin. 79. 1 nm – L929 mouse fibroblast cells Promoted the adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells significantly. 73
5. Eugenol Ultrasonication method Tween 80, Larbasol 89.98±6.48 nm −10.05±0.11 mV Wistar rat hind paw edema mode High wound healing and easy transdermal delivery. 89
6. Lavender essential oil and liquorice extract. Spontaneous emulsification. Tween 80, Tween 20, Glycerin, PEG 400. – – Wistar rats Potential wound healing effect. 97
7. Tetrahydroxy curcumin derivative. High-pressure homogenization. Tween 10 and Lauroglycol 90, Labrafac PG. 100–300 nm −30.1 to −31.1 mV Rat skin Displayed optimistic results against both gram-positive and negative bacteria. 99
8. Curcumin – Labrafac PG, Triacetin, Tween 80, PEG 400. 84.032±0.023 nm – Albino rats Enhanced skin permeation. 100
9. Isoflavones aglycones Spontaneous emulsification method. Daidzein, Glycitein, Genistein, Egg lecithin. 50 nm −60 mV Wistar rats Increased reepithelization and angiogenesis rate to promote wound healing. 94
10. Alpha tocopherol Spontaneous emulsification method. Chitosan and oleic acid. 220 nm −56.8±2.1 mV Human skin cells Improved alpha tocopherol stability due to encapsulation. 92
11. Eucalyptus oil Ultrasonic emulsification. Eucalyptus oil and Tween 80. 3.8 nm – Wistar rats Complete loss of viability within 15 min. 93
12. Naringenin Low energy emulsification technique. PEG 400, Tween 20, Tween 80, Chitosan, Lauroglycol 90 and Capryol 90. 15.69±0.737 nm −8.33±3.09 mV NHT-3T3 mouse cells Accelerate wound healing. 101
13. Eucalyptus oil Aqueous phase titration. Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, Ethanol, Eucalyptus oil, Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate. 32.45 nm −34.25 mV Rat Safe, nontoxic and rapid wound healing. 77
14. Clove oil Spontaneous emulsification method. Clove oil, Triacetin, Tween 80. 29.10 nm −31.40 mV Rat Significant proliferation of epithelial cells. 76