Fig. 3.

Vesicle trafficking-dependent plant immune responses and their suppression by phytopathogens during interaction. Upon identification of bacterial PAMPs, PRRs are internalized to trigger downstream signaling which leads to immune responses by the host. The host counterattacks include the synthesis, packaging and release of antimicrobials to the infection site. The pathogen releases effector substances which block some vesicle trafficking pathways to render the host susceptible and prevent counter-responses. Oomycetes and fungal pathogens also release virulence factors through the haustoria for same purposes. PRR: Pattern recognition receptor, PAMP: Pathogen associated molecular pattern, H: haustoria, EHM: Extra haustorial membrane, ER: Endoplasmic reticulum, TGN: Trans-Golgi network, MVB: Multivesicular body, T3SS: Type 3 secretion system, PM: Plasma membrane