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. 2023 Aug 21;13:13591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39084-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Response curves: Soil nutrient availability and health outcomes. Plots show the predicted response in health outcomes (vertical axis) to changes in soil nutrient availability. Purple lines show results from the linear models (see Eq. (1), "Methods" Section) with shaded regions showing 95% CI. The dot and whiskers show the model predictions at terciles of soil nutrient availability (Eq. (2), "Methods" Section) and associated 95% CI. (A), (B) and (C) show the association between soil zinc and children’s stunting, underweight, and wasting, respectively. (D) shows the relationship between soil zinc and women’s height. (E) and (F) show the response of women’s and children’s hemoglobin levels to soil iron, respectively. Companion histograms display the distributions of soil zinc and soil iron values that are assigned to children and women.