Table 2. Maternal and neonatal outcomes by pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM status.
| Outcomes | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | P valuea | P valueb (Group 1 vs. Group 3) | P valuec (Group 2 vs. Group 4) | P valued (Group 2 vs. Group 3) | P valuee (Group 3 vs. Group 4) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||||||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 63 (2.6%) | 4 (1.9%) | 23 (7.6%) | 10 (10.0%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.457 | ||
| Preterm delivery | 200 (8.1%) | 25 (11.7%) | 36 (12.0%) | 16 (16.0%) | < 0.001 | 0.024 | 0.062 | 0.923 | 0.026 | ||
| Delivery mode | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.019 | < 0.001 | 0.661 | ||||||
| Vaginal | 1,444 (58.6%) | 116 (54.2%) | 113 (37.5%) | 40 (40.0%) | |||||||
| Cesarean section | 1,019 (41.4%) | 98 (45.8%) | 188 (62.5%) | 60 (60.0%) | |||||||
| Emergency cesarean section | 473 (19.2%) | 40 (18.7%) | 89 (29.6%) | 29 (29.0%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.914 | ||
| Neonatal | |||||||||||
| Neonatal weight, kg | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.783 | < 0.001 | 0.013 | ||
| LGA | 217 (8.8%) | 25 (11.7%) | 56 (18.6%) | 21 (21.0%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.598 | ||
| Macrosomia | 74 (3.0%) | 8 (3.7%) | 20 (6.6%) | 8 (8.0%) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.110 | 0.152 | 0.645 | ||
| Shoulder dystocia | 6 (0.2%) | 2 (0.9%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.082 | 0.030 | 0.332 | 1.000 | 0.577 | ||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 29 (1.2%) | 2 (0.9%) | 7 (2.3%) | 4 (4.0%) | 0.043 | 0.097 | 0.065 | 0.235 | 0.374 | ||
| 1-min Apgar score < 4 | 28 (1.1%) | 4 (1.9%) | 4 (1.3%) | 3 (3.0%) | 0.339 | 0.769 | 0.527 | 0.724 | 0.373 | ||
| 5-min Apgar score < 7 | 16 (0.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0.098 | 0.161 | 0.693 | 0.071 | 0.062 | ||
| Neonatal glucose level, mg/dL | 64.8 ± 18.6 | 66.5 ± 15.4 | 60.6 ± 16.0 | 60.9 ± 15.7 | 0.015 | 0.042 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.929 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 20 (3.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 5 (6.0%) | 5 (5.5%) | 0.209 | 0.332 | 0.062 | 0.059 | 1.000 | ||
| NICU admission | 213 (8.6%) | 27 (12.6%) | 44 (14.6%) | 13 (13.0%) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.558 | 0.516 | 0.688 | ||
| NICU admission days | 2.9 ± 14.1 | 3.7 ± 11.9 | 5.4 ± 27.0 | 3.9 ± 11.2 | 0.043 | 0.006 | 0.919 | 0.229 | 0.410 | ||
| Neonatal death | 11 (0.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.381 | 0.245 | 0.065 | 0.093 | NA | ||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Study participants were categorized into 4 groups, as follows: no GDM, no obesity (group 1); GDM, no obesity (group 2); no GDM, obesity (group 3); and GDM, obesity (group 4).
GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus, LGA = large for gestational age, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit, NA = not available.
aDifference analysis performed according to the GDM/obesity state; significance was set at P < 0.0125. bInter-group difference between the “No GDM, no obesity” and the “No GDM, obesity” groups. cInter-group difference between the “GDM, no obesity” and the “GDM, obesity” groups. dInter-group difference between the “GDM, no obesity” and the “No GDM, obesity” groups. eInter-group difference between the “No GDM, obesity” and the “GDM, obesity” groups. Inter-group differences were assessed by Fisher’s least significant difference test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test and the χ2 test for categorical variables; significance was set at P < 0.0125 with appropriate Bonferroni’s correction.