Table 3. Multivariate analysis for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
| Outcomes | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||||
| Pre-eclampsia | Reference | 0.84 (0.30–2.35, 0.740) | 3.39 (2.06–5.58, < 0.001) | 5.54 (2.62–11.36, 0.001) | |
| Preterm delivery | - | 1.20 (0.75–1.92, 0.449) | 1.35 (0.90–2.02, 0.147) | 1.14 (0.60–2.18, 0.683) | |
| Cesarean section | - | 1.17 (0.87–1.57, 0.296) | 2.33 (1.80–3.01, < 0.001) | 2.28 (1.47–3.57, < 0.001) | |
| Emergency cesarean section | - | 0.99 (0.68–1.44, 0.962) | 1.78 (1.35–2.34, < 0.001) | 1.89 (1.19–3.00, 0.007) | |
| Neonatal | |||||
| LGA | Reference | 1.97 (1.25–3.12, 0.004) | 2.53 (1.79–3.58, < 0.001) | 5.10 (2.95–8.82, < 0.001) | |
| Macrosomia | - | 1.80 (0.84–3.58, 0.128) | 2.47 (1.45–4.20, < 0.001) | 4.95 (2.22–11.16, < 0.001) | |
| Shoulder dystocia | - | 3.56 (0.68–18.60, 0.133) | 3.96 (0.97–6.19, 0.056) | NA | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | - | 0.63 (0.15–2.73, 0.541) | 1.78 (0.74–4.26, 0.197) | 0.79 (0.17–3.62, 0.763) | |
| 1-min Apgar score < 4 | - | 1.08 (0.32–3.66, 0.904) | 0.83 (0.25–2.79, 0.765) | 1.91 (0.52–6.94, 0.327) | |
| 5-min Apgar score < 7 | - | 1.89 (0.54–6.66, 0.324) | NA | 2.07 (0.43–10.09, 0.367) | |
| Hypoglycemia | - | 0.40 (0.11–1.40, 0.152) | 1.68 (0.60–4.65, 0.322) | 1.43 (0.48–4.23, 0.517) | |
| NICU admission | - | 1.41 (0.97–2.05, 0.072) | 1.65 (1.21–2.24, 0.002) | 1.44 (0.85–2.45, 0.180) | |
| Neonatal death | - | 1.03 (0.13–8.31, 0.978) | NA | NA | |
| Maternal | |||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 1.19 (0.43–3.34, 0.740) | Reference | 4.03 (1.37–11.90, 0.012) | 6.49 (1.97–21.36, 0.002) | |
| Preterm delivery | 0.83 (0.52–1.34, 0.449) | - | 1.13 (0.64–1.99, 0.687) | 0.95 (0.45–2.02, 0.902) | |
| Cesarean section | 0.85 (0.64–1.15, 0.296) | - | 1.99 (1.37–2.88, < 0.001) | 1.94 (1.17–3.22, 0.010) | |
| Emergency cesarean section | 1.01 (0.70–1.46, 0.962) | - | 1.79 (1.16–2.77, 0.009) | 1.90 (1.08–3.35, 0.026) | |
| Neonatal | |||||
| LGA | 0.51 (0.32–0.80, 0.004) | Reference | 1.28 (0.75–2.18, 1.358) | 2.59 (1.33–5.04, 0.005) | |
| Macrosomia | 0.55 (0.26–1.19, 0.128) | - | 1.37 (0.58–3.24, 0.473) | 2.76 (0.98–7.79, 0.055) | |
| Shoulder dystocia | 0.28 (0.05–1.47, 0.133) | - | 1.11 (0.18–6.77, 0.908) | NA | |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 1.58 (0.37–6.78, 0.541) | - | 2.80 (0.57–13.73, 0.204) | 1.25 (0.17–9.25, 0.829) | |
| 1-min Apgar score < 4 | 0.93 (0.27–3.15, 0.904) | - | 0.77 (0.15–3.87, 0.752) | 1.77 (0.34–9.12, 0.495) | |
| 5-min Apgar score < 7 | 0.53 (0.15–1.87, 0.324) | - | NA | 1.10 (0.17–6.94, 0.920) | |
| Hypoglycemia | 2.50 (0.71–8.74, 0.152) | - | 4.18 (0.97–18.07, 0.055) | 3.57 (0.83–15.44, 0.088) | |
| NICU admission | 0.71 (0.49–1.03, 0.072) | - | 1.17 (0.74–1.93, 0.502) | 1.02 (0.55–1.89, 0.948) | |
| Neonatal death | 0.97 (0.12–7.84, 0.978) | - | NA | NA | |
Data are presented as OR adjusted for age and gestational weight gain (95% CI, P value) values; adjusted ORs were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Study participants were categorized into 4 groups, as follows: no GDM, no obesity (group 1); GDM, no obesity (group 2); no GDM, obesity (group 3); and GDM, obesity (group 4).
GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus, LGA = large for gestational age, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit, NA = not available, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.