TABLE 3.

Overview of safety aspects of selected plant host species used in molecular farming.

				Examples of harmful agents
Plant species	Trivial name	Frequent cultivation strategy	Frequent expression strategy	Metabolites	Proteins a	Pathogen-related
Daucus carota	Carrot	Suspension culture	Transgenic	Carotatoxin Crosby and Aharonson (1967)	Dau c 1 Hendrich et al. (2023)	n.f
Hordeum vulgare	Barley	Intact plants	Transgenic	Hordenine Liu and Lovett (1993)	Protease inhibitors, 15-kDa Mena et al. (1992); Wróblewska et al. (2022)	Mycotoxins Drakopoulos et al. (2021)
Lactuca sativa	Lettuce	Intact plants	Transgenic	n.f	EP1-like protein Sekiya et al. (2020), thaumatin-like protein Muñoz-García et al. (2013), aspartyl protease Muñoz-García et al. (2013), sesquiterpene lactones, e.g., lactucin Paulsen and Andersen (2016), Lac s 1 Hartz et al. (2007)	Mycotoxins, e.g., tentoxin and tenuazonic acid Kłapeć et al. (2021); Miranda-Apodaca et al. (2023)
Nicotiana benthamiana	Australian tobacco	Intact plants	Transient	Alkaloids, e.g., nicotine Hayashi et al. (2020)	No specific reports, but probably similar to tobacco	Sphinganine-analog mycotoxins Rivas-San Vicente et al. (2013)
Nicotiana tabacum	Tobacco	Intact plants; suspension culture	Transgenic	Alkaloids, e.g., nicotine Hayashi et al. (2020)	Allergies reported but allergen unknown, probably pollen-related Ortega et al. (1999); Bonamonte et al. (2016)	Mycotoxins el-Maghraby and Abdel-Sater (1993)
Oryza sativa	Rice	Intact plants; suspension culture	Transgenic	n.f	Glyoxalase I Usui et al. (2001), Ory s1 Sharma et al. (2009)	Diverse, e.g., aflatoxin B1 Rofiat et al. (2015) and zearalenone Joo et al. (2019)
Zea mays	Maize	Intact plants	Transgenic	n.f	Lipid transfer protein Pastorello et al. (2000)	Fumonisins Duvick (2001)

^a allergens are in italics; n.f., none found.