Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristic |
Overall (11,168)
(mean±SD)/N (%) |
Macrosomia
|
LGA | |||||
|
No (9,207)
(mean±SD)/N (%) |
Yes (1,338)
(mean±SD)/N (%) |
P value |
No (10,087)
(mean±SD)/N (%) |
Yes (764)
(mean±SD)/N (%) |
P value | |||
| Note: The data is expressed as either the mean ± standard deviation or as a number (%). The independent t-test was utilized to analyze the difference between the two groups’ continuous variables, whereas the Chi-square test was employed to compare the categorical data. Abbreviation: SD=standard deviation; N=number; LGA=large gestational age; BMI=body mass index; GWG=gestational weight gain; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus. * P<0.05. † P<0.001. | ||||||||
| Age | 31.02±4.38 | 31.02±4.39 | 31.08±4.38 | 0.012* | 31.03±4.38 | 30.59±4.26 | 0.776 | |
| Pre-weight (kg) | 58.91±8.91 | 58.48±8.67 | 63.20±9.21 | <0.001† | 58.61±8.80 | 63.08±9.11 | <0.001† | |
| Pre-BMI (kg/m2) | 22.70±3.17 | 22.57±3.12 | 23.88±3.21 | <0.001† | 22.61±3.15 | 23.73±3.15 | <0.001† | |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 810 (7.25) | 696 (6.23) | 44 (0.39) | <0.001† | 770 (6.89) | 26 (0.23) | <0.001 | |
| Normal weight (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<23.9 kg/m2) | 6,835 (61.20) | 5,763 (51.60) | 689 (6.17) | 6,326 (56.64) | 403 (3.61) | |||
| Overweight (24.0 kg/m2≤BMI<27.9 kg/m2) | 2,775 (24.85) | 2,187 (19.58) | 447 (4.00) | 2,441 (21.86) | 254 (2.27) | |||
| Obese (≥28.0 kg/m2) | 748 (6.70) | 561 (5.02) | 158 (1.41) | 640 (5.73) | 81 (0.73) | |||
| Diagnostic week | 26.20±1.20 | 26.20±1.20 | 26.23±1.18 | 0.048* | 26.21±1.20 | 26.31±1.16 | 0.236 | |
| Weight at the time of GDM diagnosis (kg) | 67.27±9.27 | 66.71±8.95 | 72.89±9.27 | <0.001† | 66.84±9.10 | 73.31±9.36 | <0.001† | |
| BMI at the time of GDM diagnosis (kg/m2) | 25.92±3.28 | 25.75±3.21 | 27.55±3.23 | <0.001† | 25.79±3.25 | 27.59±3.26 | <0.001† | |
| Weight gain after diagnosis of GDM (kg) | 4.81±3.20 | 4.73±3.20 | 5.45±3.18 | <0.001† | 4.78±3.18 | 5.81±3.14 | <0.001† | |
| Weekly GWG after the diagnosis of GDM (kg/week) | 0.40±0.26 | 0.39±0.26 | 0.45±0.25 | <0.001† | 0.39±0.26 | 0.46±0.24 | <0.001† | |
| Pre-delivery weight (kg) | 72.08±9.67 | 71.44±9.28 | 78.34±9.66 | <0.001† | 71.62±9.44 | 79.12±9.67 | <0.001† | |
| Delivery gestational age (weeks) | 38.66±1.44 | 38.68±1.44 | 38.64±1.30 | <0.001† | 38.73±1.28 | 39.19±0.96 | 0.019* | |
| Total GWG (kg) | 13.17±5.20 | 12.97±5.11 | 15.15±5.43 | <0.001† | 13.01±5.09 | 16.04±5.50 | <0.001† | |
| Neonatal weight (g) | 3,340±470 | 3,290±370 | 4,010±370 | <0.001† | 3,310±360 | 4,230±210 | <0.001† | |